摘(zhai)要

近20年(nian)來，中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)保護(hu)修(xiu)復(fu)事業取得(de)長足進步，為(wei)(wei)保障(zhang)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)安(an)全、推進美(mei)麗中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)建(jian)設(she)提(ti)供(gong)了重要基礎(chu)支撐。國(guo)(guo)家(jia)通過(guo)實施一系列生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)保護(hu)修(xiu)復(fu)政策和重大工程(cheng)，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)保護(hu)修(xiu)復(fu)取得(de)明(ming)顯進展(zhan)，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)產品(pin)供(gong)給能力(li)保持總(zong)體穩定。本文回(hui)顧了近20年(nian)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)保護(hu)修(xiu)復(fu)發展(zhan)歷程(cheng)，分(fen)別從國(guo)(guo)土生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)空間(jian)管控、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)系統保護(hu)修(xiu)復(fu)、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物多樣性保護(hu)、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)文明(ming)示范建(jian)設(she)等重點領域總(zong)結了主要進展(zhan)和成(cheng)效。面向建(jian)設(she)美(mei)麗中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)以及實現碳(tan)達峰碳(tan)中(zhong)(zhong)和目標愿景，以維(wei)護(hu)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)和區域生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)安(an)全、恢(hui)復(fu)和提(ti)升生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)系統服(fu)務功能、推動生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)產品(pin)價值實現為(wei)(wei)著力(li)點，對新(xin)時期中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)保護(hu)修(xiu)復(fu)提(ti)出未來展(zhan)望(wang)。

引(yin)言(yan)

近20年來，中國不斷深化生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)保護(hu)修復(fu)戰略部(bu)署，系統開展頂層設計，推(tui)動生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)保護(hu)修復(fu)制(zhi)度改革創新，持續加(jia)大(da)(da)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)保護(hu)修復(fu)投(tou)入，穩步(bu)提(ti)升生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)保護(hu)修復(fu)監管能力，為保障經濟社(she)會(hui)可持續發(fa)展奠定了堅(jian)實的生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)安全基(ji)礎。生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)系統具(ju)有提(ti)供自(zi)然資源和(he)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)系統服務(wu)的多重屬(shu)性[1]，是人類社(she)會(hui)發(fa)展的根(gen)本性、基(ji)礎性支撐。加(jia)強生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)保護(hu)修復(fu)成為建(jian)設美(mei)麗(li)中國的重大(da)(da)任務(wu)和(he)加(jia)快推(tui)進(jin)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)文明建(jian)設的優先(xian)行動[2]。

20世紀80年(nian)代以來，中國(guo)經歷的多次重(zhong)大(da)自(zi)然災害[3]，尤(you)其是1998年(nian)長(chang)江大(da)洪水和2000年(nian)北方大(da)面積(ji)沙塵暴天氣的發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)，引(yin)起政府和公眾(zhong)對生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)修(xiu)復(fu)工(gong)作的高度重(zhong)視[4]，國(guo)家陸續(xu)(xu)啟動實施一大(da)批生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)恢復(fu)與建設重(zhong)大(da)工(gong)程[4-6]，印發(fa)實施《全(quan)國(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)環境建設規(gui)劃》《全(quan)國(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)環境保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)綱(gang)要》等重(zhong)要文件，“十一五(wu)”“十二(er)五(wu)”“十三五(wu)”連續(xu)(xu)印發(fa)實施三個全(quan)國(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)五(wu)年(nian)規(gui)劃，加快(kuai)了中國(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)修(xiu)復(fu)工(gong)作。同時，隨著多次國(guo)務院機構改(gai)革(ge)，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)修(xiu)復(fu)的職責、內容、組織形式均發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)了重(zhong)大(da)變化(hua)，尤(you)其是隨著歷次機構改(gai)革(ge)，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)修(xiu)復(fu)職責分工(gong)逐(zhu)步(bu)理(li)順[2]，政策(ce)制度體系逐(zhu)步(bu)完善，推動生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)修(xiu)復(fu)從局部、單(dan)要素保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)修(xiu)復(fu)向區域山水林田湖(hu)草沙一體化(hua)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)修(xiu)復(fu)和綜合治理(li)的加快(kuai)轉變，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)修(xiu)復(fu)支撐(cheng)國(guo)家和區域生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)安(an)全(quan)的地位更加突出。

本文(wen)重(zhong)點(dian)梳(shu)理了近20年來中國(guo)生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)保護修復重(zhong)要政策和重(zhong)大(da)工程實施進展，對國(guo)土(tu)生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)空間管控、生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)系統(tong)保護修復、生(sheng)物多樣性保護、生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)文(wen)明示(shi)范建(jian)設等重(zhong)點(dian)領(ling)域成效進行了總結，立足維護國(guo)家生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)安全、建(jian)設美麗中國(guo)目標愿景提(ti)出未來展望。

1、中國(guo)生(sheng)態保護修復歷程回顧(gu)

近20年來(lai)，面對(dui)經(jing)濟社會快速發(fa)(fa)展帶(dai)來(lai)的一(yi)系列生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)退化問(wen)題[2-4]，加上“可(ke)持續發(fa)(fa)展”“生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)系統服務”“生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)文明”等生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)保(bao)護理論和理念的興(xing)起(qi)與發(fa)(fa)展，中國對(dui)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)保(bao)護修復的觀念認知(zhi)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)深刻轉(zhuan)變，從(cong)根本上推動了生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)保(bao)護修復政(zheng)策革新(表1)。

1.1 以(yi)生態建(jian)設(she)與重點(dian)治理(li)為主階段(duan)(1997—2006年)

在(zai)1997年黨的(de)(de)十五大提出“實(shi)施(shi)可持(chi)續發展戰(zhan)略”的(de)(de)背景下，國家將生態(tai)環(huan)境保護(hu)(hu)上升到與經(jing)濟社會發展同等重(zhong)要的(de)(de)地位，生態(tai)保護(hu)(hu)事關國家環(huan)境安全的(de)(de)觀(guan)念(nian)初(chu)步形成[7]。啟動實(shi)施(shi)一大批重(zhong)點(dian)區(qu)域(yu)生態(tai)恢(hui)復(fu)工程，有效遏制(zhi)了局部區(qu)域(yu)生態(tai)惡化趨勢(shi)。

1998年(nian)(nian)，國(guo)(guo)務院(yuan)印(yin)發《全(quan)國(guo)(guo)生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)境建設(she)規(gui)(gui)劃》，確立了(le)該階段生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)工作(zuo)聚(ju)焦重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)地區、重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)問題實(shi)(shi)施(shi)一批重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)工程的(de)總基調(diao)[3]。2000年(nian)(nian)，國(guo)(guo)務院(yuan)印(yin)發《全(quan)國(guo)(guo)生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)境保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)綱(gang)要》，提出重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)功能(neng)區、重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)資源開發區、生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)良(liang)好地區“三區”推(tui)進的(de)戰略思(si)路，引入(ru)生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)統服(fu)務功能(neng)和分(fen)區分(fen)類(lei)管理的(de)政策[7]，工作(zuo)思(si)路從重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)區域治理轉向(xiang)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)優(you)先、分(fen)區分(fen)類(lei)管理。2005年(nian)(nian)，國(guo)(guo)務院(yuan)印(yin)發《關于落實(shi)(shi)科學發展觀加強(qiang)環(huan)境保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)的(de)決(jue)定(ding)》，首次將(jiang)生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)境保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)擺在同(tong)(tong)經濟發展同(tong)(tong)等(deng)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要的(de)戰略地位。2006年(nian)(nian)，《國(guo)(guo)民(min)經濟和社(she)會發展第(di)十(shi)一個五(wu)年(nian)(nian)規(gui)(gui)劃綱(gang)要》突出強(qiang)調(diao)了(le)源頭保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)、自(zi)然(ran)恢復，推(tui)動生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)和建設(she)的(de)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)從事(shi)后(hou)治理向(xiang)事(shi)前保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)轉變(bian)，從人工建設(she)為主(zhu)向(xiang)自(zi)然(ran)恢復為主(zhu)轉變(bian);同(tong)(tong)年(nian)(nian)發布的(de)《全(quan)國(guo)(guo)生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)“十(shi)一五(wu)”規(gui)(gui)劃》，是(shi)中國(guo)(guo)首個生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)五(wu)年(nian)(nian)專(zhuan)項規(gui)(gui)劃，進一步強(qiang)調(diao)了(le)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)優(you)先、維系(xi)自(zi)然(ran)生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)統的(de)完整和功能(neng)、實(shi)(shi)施(shi)分(fen)區分(fen)類(lei)指(zhi)導，標(biao)志著生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)工作(zuo)進入(ru)新階段，至此源頭保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)、分(fen)區分(fen)類(lei)、自(zi)然(ran)恢復的(de)觀念(nian)初步形成(cheng)。

1.2 以生態(tai)空間和生態(tai)功(gong)能(neng)保護(hu)恢復為主階段(2007—2011年(nian))

在2007年黨的(de)十七大提出(chu)的(de)生(sheng)態(tai)文(wen)明理念引領下，按照分區(qu)分類的(de)推進思(si)路，深(shen)入(ru)推進重要(yao)生(sheng)態(tai)功(gong)能(neng)保護區(qu)、生(sheng)態(tai)脆弱區(qu)等重要(yao)生(sheng)態(tai)空間保護和(he)生(sheng)態(tai)功(gong)能(neng)恢復，重點生(sheng)態(tai)功(gong)能(neng)區(qu)保護制度(du)初步建立。

2007年(nian)(nian)，《國(guo)家重(zhong)點(dian)(dian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)功(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)保護區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)規(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)綱要(yao)》印發(fa)(fa)實施，首(shou)次(ci)提出生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)功(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)保護區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)屬于限(xian)制開(kai)發(fa)(fa)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理念(nian)。2008年(nian)(nian)，在《全(quan)國(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)功(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)》中提出，在全(quan)國(guo)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)分50個(ge)重(zhong)要(yao)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)功(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)，明確了(le)水(shui)源涵養、水(shui)土保持、防(fang)風(feng)固(gu)沙、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物多樣性維護和洪水(shui)調(diao)蓄等各(ge)類生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)功(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保護方(fang)向(xiang);同(tong)年(nian)(nian)印發(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《全(quan)國(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)脆弱區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)保護規(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)綱要(yao)》則(ze)主(zhu)要(yao)明確了(le)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)脆弱區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保護任務。至此，我國(guo)初(chu)步形成了(le)以(yi)重(zhong)要(yao)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)功(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)脆弱區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)為重(zhong)點(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)空間保護政(zheng)策(ce)。2010年(nian)(nian)，國(guo)務院印發(fa)(fa)《全(quan)國(guo)主(zhu)體(ti)功(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)規(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)》，確定25個(ge)國(guo)家重(zhong)點(dian)(dian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)功(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)，繼承其屬于限(xian)制開(kai)發(fa)(fa)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)定位，并將(jiang)原有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)功(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)脆弱區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)有(you)關(guan)政(zheng)策(ce)要(yao)求，以(yi)國(guo)家重(zhong)點(dian)(dian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)功(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制度形式確立下來。2011年(nian)(nian)，國(guo)務院《關(guan)于加強環境(jing)保護重(zhong)點(dian)(dian)工(gong)作的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意見》首(shou)次(ci)提出，在重(zhong)要(yao)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)功(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)、陸地(di)和海(hai)洋生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)環境(jing)敏(min)感區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)、脆弱區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)等區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)定生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)保護紅(hong)線(xian)，以(yi)一條紅(hong)線(xian)管控重(zhong)要(yao)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)空間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)思路初(chu)見雛形。

1.3 以(yi)山水林田(tian)湖草沙(sha)系統(tong)保護修(xiu)復(fu)為主階(jie)段(2012年至今)

在習近平生(sheng)(sheng)態文明(ming)思想(xiang)指引下(xia)，按照“山水(shui)林田湖草是生(sheng)(sheng)命共同體”理(li)念，生(sheng)(sheng)態保(bao)護(hu)修(xiu)復(fu)工作逐漸向生(sheng)(sheng)態系統(tong)整體保(bao)護(hu)、系統(tong)修(xiu)復(fu)、綜合治理(li)轉變。

黨的(de)(de)十八大(da)(da)以來，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)文(wen)(wen)明建設(she)納(na)入中國(guo)特色社會主(zhu)(zhu)義建設(she)“五位一(yi)體”總(zong)體布(bu)局[8]，提(ti)(ti)出尊重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)自(zi)(zi)(zi)然、順應自(zi)(zi)(zi)然、保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)自(zi)(zi)(zi)然的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)文(wen)(wen)明理(li)念和(he)堅持節約優先(xian)、保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)優先(xian)、自(zi)(zi)(zi)然恢復(fu)為主(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)方針(zhen)。黨的(de)(de)十九(jiu)大(da)(da)報(bao)告(gao)提(ti)(ti)出“堅持人(ren)與(yu)自(zi)(zi)(zi)然和(he)諧共生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)”的(de)(de)基本方略(lve)[7,9]，正(zheng)式(shi)確立建設(she)美(mei)麗中國(guo)戰略(lve)。2018年(nian)召開的(de)(de)全(quan)國(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環境保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)大(da)(da)會正(zheng)式(shi)確立了習近平生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)文(wen)(wen)明思(si)(si)想(xiang)，為新時期生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)修復(fu)工(gong)作提(ti)(ti)供了思(si)(si)想(xiang)指(zhi)引和(he)方法路徑。這一(yi)時期，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)修復(fu)工(gong)作加快推進，有關部(bu)門(men)編制(zhi)實(shi)施(shi)(shi)全(quan)國(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)與(yu)建設(she)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)、全(quan)國(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)、全(quan)國(guo)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)統(tong)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)和(he)修復(fu)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)大(da)(da)工(gong)程(cheng)總(zong)體規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)等(deng)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)，對生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)修復(fu)目標、任務、工(gong)程(cheng)和(he)政策措施(shi)(shi)進行(xing)(xing)部(bu)署。國(guo)家持續組織開展(zhan)全(quan)國(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)狀況變化(hua)遙感調(diao)查評估工(gong)作，對全(quan)國(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)統(tong)質量(liang)與(yu)功(gong)能進行(xing)(xing)綜(zong)合評估。《關于劃(hua)定并嚴(yan)守生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)紅線的(de)(de)若(ruo)干意(yi)見》印發實(shi)施(shi)(shi)，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)紅線制(zhi)度上升為國(guo)家戰略(lve)[10]。國(guo)家先(xian)后組織實(shi)施(shi)(shi)三(san)批(pi)山水林(lin)田湖草生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)修復(fu)工(gong)程(cheng)試點和(he)首批(pi)山水林(lin)田湖草沙一(yi)體化(hua)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)修復(fu)工(gong)程(cheng)項目，以重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)大(da)(da)工(gong)程(cheng)和(he)政策機(ji)制(zhi)創新，推動(dong)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要區域生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)統(tong)整體保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)修復(fu)的(de)(de)理(li)念得到強化(hua)和(he)落實(shi)。

總體(ti)而言，過(guo)(guo)去20年是中國(guo)(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)保護修(xiu)復(fu)事業(ye)長(chang)足發展和體(ti)制(zhi)機(ji)制(zhi)創(chuang)新變(bian)革(ge)的重要時期。在此期間(jian)，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)保護修(xiu)復(fu)在國(guo)(guo)家治(zhi)理體(ti)系(xi)中的地位和作用逐漸(jian)提升，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)保護修(xiu)復(fu)觀念由(you)重生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)建(jian)(jian)設、輕(qing)預防保護逐步(bu)轉變(bian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)保護優先(xian)、自然恢復(fu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)主，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)保護修(xiu)復(fu)模(mo)式由(you)局部恢復(fu)、末端治(zhi)理逐步(bu)轉變(bian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)空間(jian)嚴格管(guan)控、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)系(xi)統(tong)整體(ti)保護修(xiu)復(fu)，初步(bu)構建(jian)(jian)起以維(wei)護國(guo)(guo)家生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)安全、穩定和提升生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)系(xi)統(tong)服務功能、改善(shan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)環(huan)境質量(liang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)核心(xin)，涵蓋生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)系(xi)統(tong)“結構、過(guo)(guo)程、格局、功能、質量(liang)”綜合調控的生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)保護修(xiu)復(fu)體(ti)系(xi)。

2、進(jin)展與成(cheng)效

2.1 國土生(sheng)態空間管控(kong)

近20年(nian)來(lai)，中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)初步建(jian)立起以自(zi)(zi)然(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)地、生(sheng)態(tai)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)紅線為(wei)重點，以重點生(sheng)態(tai)功能區(qu)為(wei)補充(chong)的(de)國(guo)(guo)土生(sheng)態(tai)空間(jian)管控(kong)制(zhi)度體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)系(xi)，規范各(ge)類資源開發和(he)建(jian)設(she)活動，重要生(sheng)態(tai)空間(jian)得到嚴格保(bao)(bao)護(hu)，國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)生(sheng)態(tai)安(an)全屏障骨(gu)架基本(ben)構筑(zhu)[7]，有效維護(hu)和(he)保(bao)(bao)障了(le)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)生(sheng)態(tai)安(an)全。自(zi)(zi)然(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)地體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)系(xi)逐步建(jian)立健(jian)全。中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)較早(zao)建(jian)立自(zi)(zi)然(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)制(zhi)度，1994年(nian)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)正式發布實(shi)施《自(zi)(zi)然(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)條例》，后于(yu)2017年(nian)修訂(ding)完善。隨著(zhu)建(jian)設(she)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)公(gong)(gong)(gong)園(yuan)目(mu)標的(de)提出，自(zi)(zi)然(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)地建(jian)設(she)進(jin)入優化發展階段(duan)[7]。2017年(nian)以來(lai)，國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)先后印發《建(jian)立國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)公(gong)(gong)(gong)園(yuan)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)制(zhi)總體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)方(fang)案》《關于(yu)建(jian)立以國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)公(gong)(gong)(gong)園(yuan)為(wei)主體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)自(zi)(zi)然(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)地體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)系(xi)的(de)指導意見》，各(ge)地逐步建(jian)立起以國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)公(gong)(gong)(gong)園(yuan)為(wei)主體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)、自(zi)(zi)然(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)為(wei)基礎、各(ge)類自(zi)(zi)然(ran)公(gong)(gong)(gong)園(yuan)為(wei)補充(chong)的(de)自(zi)(zi)然(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)地體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)系(xi)。截(jie)至2019年(nian)底，中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)共建(jian)立以國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)公(gong)(gong)(gong)園(yuan)為(wei)主體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)各(ge)級、各(ge)類保(bao)(bao)護(hu)地逾1.18萬個，陸(lu)(lu)域保(bao)(bao)護(hu)面積超(chao)過172.8萬平方(fang)千米，保(bao)(bao)護(hu)面積占(zhan)全國(guo)(guo)陸(lu)(lu)域國(guo)(guo)土面積的(de)18%、管轄海域面積的(de)4.1%[11]。生(sheng)態(tai)環(huan)境部門印發《自(zi)(zi)然(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)地生(sheng)態(tai)環(huan)境監(jian)管工作暫行(xing)辦法(fa)》，持續開展“綠盾”自(zi)(zi)然(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)地強化監(jian)督，有效遏制(zhi)了(le)各(ge)類生(sheng)態(tai)破壞行(xing)為(wei)。

生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)保(bao)護(hu)紅線(xian)(xian)(xian)劃(hua)定(ding)(ding)(ding)和監(jian)(jian)管(guan)深入推(tui)進(jin)。生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)保(bao)護(hu)紅線(xian)(xian)(xian)是保(bao)障和維(wei)護(hu)國(guo)家(jia)(jia)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)安(an)(an)全(quan)的(de)底線(xian)(xian)(xian)和生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)命線(xian)(xian)(xian)[12]，劃(hua)定(ding)(ding)(ding)并嚴守生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)保(bao)護(hu)紅線(xian)(xian)(xian)，是維(wei)護(hu)國(guo)家(jia)(jia)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)安(an)(an)全(quan)、促(cu)進(jin)經濟社會(hui)可持續發展的(de)重要戰略[10,13,14]。自2011年國(guo)家(jia)(jia)提出劃(hua)定(ding)(ding)(ding)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)保(bao)護(hu)紅線(xian)(xian)(xian)要求以來，先(xian)后制(zhi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)出臺(tai)《關(guan)于劃(hua)定(ding)(ding)(ding)并嚴守生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)保(bao)護(hu)紅線(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)若干(gan)意見》《關(guan)于在國(guo)土空(kong)間規劃(hua)中統籌劃(hua)定(ding)(ding)(ding)落實三條(tiao)控制(zhi)線(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)指導意見》等(deng)一系(xi)列政(zheng)策(ce)文(wen)件。同時(shi)，各有(you)關(guan)部門(men)加快推(tui)進(jin)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)保(bao)護(hu)紅線(xian)(xian)(xian)劃(hua)定(ding)(ding)(ding)、評估調整、勘界定(ding)(ding)(ding)標工作，制(zhi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)保(bao)護(hu)紅線(xian)(xian)(xian)監(jian)(jian)管(guan)配套(tao)政(zheng)策(ce)，印發生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)保(bao)護(hu)紅線(xian)(xian)(xian)監(jian)(jian)管(guan)指標體(ti)系(xi)、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)保(bao)護(hu)紅線(xian)(xian)(xian)監(jian)(jian)管(guan)技術規范等(deng)標準規范，探索建立(li)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)保(bao)護(hu)紅線(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)破壞問題監(jian)(jian)管(guan)機制(zhi)，建立(li)國(guo)家(jia)(jia)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)保(bao)護(hu)紅線(xian)(xian)(xian)監(jian)(jian)管(guan)平臺(tai)，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)保(bao)護(hu)紅線(xian)(xian)(xian)監(jian)(jian)管(guan)制(zhi)度逐(zhu)步健全(quan)。

重(zhong)點生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)區支(zhi)持(chi)政(zheng)策(ce)不斷(duan)強(qiang)化。重(zhong)點生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)區政(zheng)策(ce)最早源于《全國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)環(huan)境(jing)保(bao)(bao)護綱要(yao)》提出的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)立(li)(li)“生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)保(bao)(bao)護區”要(yao)求。在原(yuan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)環(huan)境(jing)保(bao)(bao)護總局印發的(de)(de)(de)《國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)重(zhong)點生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)保(bao)(bao)護區規(gui)劃綱要(yao)》《全國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)區劃》中，使用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)是“重(zhong)要(yao)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)保(bao)(bao)護區”的(de)(de)(de)概念。直(zhi)到2010年(nian)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)務院發布《全國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)主體功(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)區規(gui)劃》，正式確定(ding)了(le)覆蓋436個(ge)(ge)縣域的(de)(de)(de)25個(ge)(ge)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)重(zhong)點生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)區，重(zhong)點生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)區制(zhi)度(du)正式建(jian)(jian)立(li)(li)。目前(qian)，國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)重(zhong)點生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)區范圍(wei)已增至818個(ge)(ge)縣域[7]，投(tou)入資金(jin)累計超(chao)過6000億元[15](圖1)。2020年(nian)，國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)重(zhong)點生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)區轉移支(zhi)付資金(jin)達(da)794.5億元，約是2008年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)13倍。此外，不同部門制(zhi)定(ding)了(le)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)重(zhong)點生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)區轉移支(zhi)付政(zheng)策(ce)、產業準(zhun)入負面清單制(zhi)度(du)[16]、縣域生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)環(huan)境(jing)質(zhi)量監測評價(jia)與考(kao)核[17]等配套政(zheng)策(ce)。

2.2 生態系統保護修復(fu)

近20年來，中(zhong)國(guo)不斷加強森林、草原、濕(shi)地(di)等重要(yao)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)系(xi)統保護修(xiu)復，開展生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)退(tui)化區域恢(hui)復治理，實(shi)施(shi)一大批重要(yao)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)系(xi)統保護和修(xiu)復重大工程，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)惡化趨勢基本得到(dao)遏制，自然(ran)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)系(xi)統質(zhi)量有所改善，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)系(xi)統服務功能逐步增強。

重要生(sheng)態系統(tong)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)修復(fu)(fu)持續推進。我(wo)國(guo)(guo)先后修訂《森(sen)(sen)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)法》《草(cao)(cao)原(yuan)法》《水(shui)法》等生(sheng)態保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)修復(fu)(fu)相(xiang)關(guan)法律，編制實施了(le)天(tian)然(ran)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)資(zi)源(yuan)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)、草(cao)(cao)原(yuan)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)利用、濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)、耕(geng)(geng)(geng)地草(cao)(cao)原(yuan)河湖休(xiu)養生(sheng)息等專(zhuan)項規劃，不斷(duan)完善退耕(geng)(geng)(geng)還(huan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)還(huan)草(cao)(cao)、草(cao)(cao)原(yuan)禁牧(mu)和(he)草(cao)(cao)畜(chu)平(ping)衡、濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)管理、海(hai)洋生(sheng)態保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)等政(zheng)策制度(du)[18,19]。國(guo)(guo)家(jia)相(xiang)繼組織實施天(tian)然(ran)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)資(zi)源(yuan)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)、退耕(geng)(geng)(geng)還(huan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)還(huan)草(cao)(cao)、退牧(mu)還(huan)草(cao)(cao)、防護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)建設(she)、濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)修復(fu)(fu)、京津(jin)風沙源(yuan)治理、防沙治沙、水(shui)土保(bao)持、石漠化治理等一系列(lie)生(sheng)態保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)修復(fu)(fu)工(gong)程[4-6,20]，推進沿海(hai)城市“藍(lan)色海(hai)灣”綜合整治，實施“南紅北柳(liu)”“生(sheng)態島(dao)礁”等海(hai)洋生(sheng)態修復(fu)(fu)工(gong)程[21]。根據(ju)(ju)第五次至第九次森(sen)(sen)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)資(zi)源(yuan)清查數據(ju)(ju)和(he)2021年(nian)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)業(ye)和(he)草(cao)(cao)原(yuan)局發(fa)布的森(sen)(sen)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)覆(fu)蓋率(lv)數據(ju)(ju)，全國(guo)(guo)森(sen)(sen)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)覆(fu)蓋率(lv)由16.55%提高至23.04%，增加了(le)6.49個百分點，森(sen)(sen)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)蓄積(ji)量由112.7億(yi)立(li)方米增加至175.6億(yi)立(li)方米，增加55.81%，森(sen)(sen)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)面積(ji)由15894萬(wan)(wan)公(gong)頃增加至22045萬(wan)(wan)公(gong)頃，提高38.70%(圖2)。全國(guo)(guo)草(cao)(cao)原(yuan)植被(bei)綜合蓋度(du)達(da)到56.1%，濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)率(lv)達(da)到50%以上，自然(ran)生(sheng)態系統(tong)總體穩定向好(hao)[22]。

生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)退化(hua)(hua)區(qu)域(yu)治(zhi)理取得(de)重要(yao)進展。水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)土(tu)(tu)(tu)流失(shi)、石漠(mo)(mo)(mo)化(hua)(hua)、荒(huang)漠(mo)(mo)(mo)化(hua)(hua)等生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)退化(hua)(hua)問題治(zhi)理得(de)到重視，國家修訂《水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)土(tu)(tu)(tu)保持(chi)法》，制定出臺水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)土(tu)(tu)(tu)保持(chi)、巖(yan)溶地區(qu)石漠(mo)(mo)(mo)化(hua)(hua)綜合治(zhi)理等專(zhuan)項規劃(hua)，持(chi)續實施京津冀風(feng)沙(sha)源(yuan)治(zhi)理、石漠(mo)(mo)(mo)化(hua)(hua)綜合治(zhi)理等防沙(sha)治(zhi)沙(sha)工程和(he)(he)(he)國家水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)土(tu)(tu)(tu)保持(chi)重點工程。根(gen)據水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)土(tu)(tu)(tu)流失(shi)動態(tai)(tai)(tai)監測數(shu)據和(he)(he)(he)歷年《中(zhong)(zhong)國水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)土(tu)(tu)(tu)保持(chi)公報(bao)》《中(zhong)(zhong)國巖(yan)溶地區(qu)石漠(mo)(mo)(mo)化(hua)(hua)狀(zhuang)況公報(bao)》《中(zhong)(zhong)國荒(huang)漠(mo)(mo)(mo)化(hua)(hua)和(he)(he)(he)沙(sha)化(hua)(hua)狀(zhuang)況公報(bao)》，截至(zhi)2020年，全國水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)土(tu)(tu)(tu)流失(shi)面積269.27km2，相比1999年減少(shao)86.7km2，減幅達24.36%;截至(zhi)2016年，巖(yan)溶地區(qu)石漠(mo)(mo)(mo)化(hua)(hua)面積1007萬公頃(qing)，相比2005年減少(shao)289.2萬公頃(qing)，減幅達22.3個(ge)百分點;1999—2014年荒(huang)漠(mo)(mo)(mo)化(hua)(hua)和(he)(he)(he)沙(sha)化(hua)(hua)面積分別(bie)減少(shao)2.3和(he)(he)(he)1.2個(ge)百分點(圖3)，區(qu)域(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)土(tu)(tu)(tu)資源(yuan)條(tiao)件得(de)到明顯改善[22]。

山水(shui)(shui)(shui)林(lin)田湖草(cao)生(sheng)(sheng)態保(bao)護(hu)(hu)修(xiu)復(fu)(fu)工(gong)程深入實(shi)施。2016年起，按照“山水(shui)(shui)(shui)林(lin)田湖草(cao)是(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)命共同體”理念(nian)，國(guo)家先(xian)后在事關國(guo)家生(sheng)(sheng)態安(an)全(quan)(quan)的25個重點區(qu)域實(shi)施了三批山水(shui)(shui)(shui)林(lin)田湖草(cao)生(sheng)(sheng)態保(bao)護(hu)(hu)修(xiu)復(fu)(fu)工(gong)程試點[23](表(biao)2)，探索以(yi)區(qu)域或流域生(sheng)(sheng)態系(xi)統(tong)(tong)為單元推進生(sheng)(sheng)態系(xi)統(tong)(tong)整(zheng)體保(bao)護(hu)(hu)、系(xi)統(tong)(tong)修(xiu)復(fu)(fu)、綜合(he)治理的路徑和模式。2021年，國(guo)家在10個地區(qu)組織實(shi)施了山水(shui)(shui)(shui)林(lin)田湖草(cao)沙(sha)一體化保(bao)護(hu)(hu)修(xiu)復(fu)(fu)工(gong)程項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(表(biao)3)。這些山水(shui)(shui)(shui)林(lin)田湖草(cao)生(sheng)(sheng)態保(bao)護(hu)(hu)修(xiu)復(fu)(fu)工(gong)程試點和山水(shui)(shui)(shui)林(lin)田湖草(cao)沙(sha)一體化保(bao)護(hu)(hu)修(xiu)復(fu)(fu)工(gong)程項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)，有力推動了相關地區(qu)生(sheng)(sheng)態系(xi)統(tong)(tong)整(zheng)體保(bao)護(hu)(hu)和系(xi)統(tong)(tong)修(xiu)復(fu)(fu)，對保(bao)障國(guo)家和區(qu)域生(sheng)(sheng)態安(an)全(quan)(quan)發揮了積極(ji)作用。

2.3 生(sheng)物多(duo)樣性保護

近20年來，中國(guo)生物(wu)多樣(yang)性保護(hu)取得積極進(jin)展，通過建立以國(guo)家(jia)公園(yuan)為主體的自(zi)然保護(hu)地(di)體系、推進(jin)實施生物(wu)多樣(yang)性保護(hu)重(zhong)(zhong)大工程等舉措，國(guo)家(jia)重(zhong)(zhong)點保護(hu)和(he)珍稀瀕危野生動植(zhi)物(wu)及其棲(qi)息地(di)得到(dao)有效保護(hu)，生物(wu)多樣(yang)性下降趨勢得到(dao)緩解。

生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)樣(yang)(yang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)基礎制度(du)趨于完善。中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)先后頒(ban)布實(shi)施《野生(sheng)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)法》《生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)安全法》，積(ji)極推動(dong)遺(yi)傳(chuan)資(zi)源(yuan)獲取與(yu)(yu)(yu)惠益分享(xiang)立法[24,25]。成(cheng)立了生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)樣(yang)(yang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)國(guo)家(jia)委(wei)員會(hui)，發布中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)樣(yang)(yang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)紅色(se)名錄，編(bian)制《全國(guo)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)種資(zi)源(yuan)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)與(yu)(yu)(yu)利用規劃(hua)綱要》《中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)樣(yang)(yang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)戰略與(yu)(yu)(yu)行動(dong)計劃(hua)(2011—2030年)》，組織實(shi)施生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)樣(yang)(yang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)重大工(gong)程。持續(xu)開展生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)樣(yang)(yang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)本底(di)調查、觀(guan)測與(yu)(yu)(yu)評估，在全國(guo)劃(hua)定(ding)35個陸(lu)地和(he)(he)水(shui)域生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)樣(yang)(yang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)優先區(qu)(qu)域，建立749個生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)樣(yang)(yang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)觀(guan)測樣(yang)(yang)區(qu)(qu)，初(chu)步建成(cheng)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)樣(yang)(yang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)觀(guan)測網絡(luo)。此外，中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)認真履行《生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)樣(yang)(yang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)公約(yue)》等國(guo)際公約(yue)，廣泛開展生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)樣(yang)(yang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)邊和(he)(he)雙(shuang)邊國(guo)際合作與(yu)(yu)(yu)協作[26]。

野(ye)生(sheng)動(dong)(dong)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)恢(hui)復成(cheng)效初顯(xian)。中國(guo)以(yi)自然保(bao)(bao)護(hu)地(di)(di)體(ti)系為(wei)主體(ti)，不斷加強野(ye)生(sheng)動(dong)(dong)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)就地(di)(di)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)。實施瀕危野(ye)生(sheng)動(dong)(dong)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)搶救(jiu)性保(bao)(bao)護(hu)工程，促進野(ye)生(sheng)動(dong)(dong)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)恢(hui)復。組織建立了東北(bei)虎豹、祁連山、大熊貓(mao)、三江(jiang)源(yuan)、海南熱(re)帶雨林、武夷山、神農架、普達措、錢江(jiang)源(yuan)和南山等(deng)10處國(guo)家公園體(ti)制試點。全(quan)國(guo)已建近(jin)200個植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)園(樹木園)，建立250處野(ye)生(sheng)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)救(jiu)護(hu)繁育(yu)基(ji)地(di)(di)，60多(duo)種(zhong)珍(zhen)稀、瀕危野(ye)生(sheng)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)人工繁殖成(cheng)功[27]。部分(fen)珍(zhen)稀瀕危物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)野(ye)外種(zhong)群逐步恢(hui)復，藏羚羊(yang)、普氏原(yuan)羚等(deng)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)數量明顯(xian)增(zeng)加[28]。

生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)保護(hu)(hu)與生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)安全管控(kong)不斷強化。國家(jia)(jia)建(jian)立生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)保護(hu)(hu)的(de)部(bu)際聯席會(hui)議制度，加強遺傳(chuan)(chuan)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)保護(hu)(hu)設(she)施(shi)建(jian)設(she)，完善國家(jia)(jia)作(zuo)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)質資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)、畜禽遺傳(chuan)(chuan)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)保護(hu)(hu)體系，建(jian)設(she)31個藥用植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)質資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)保存圃和2個種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)質資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)庫(ku)[27]。有(you)序推(tui)進水生(sheng)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)保護(hu)(hu)，制定《中(zhong)國水生(sheng)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)養護(hu)(hu)行(xing)動綱要》，設(she)立一批(pi)重要水產種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)質資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)保護(hu)(hu)區。有(you)關部(bu)門(men)建(jian)立外(wai)來入侵物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)防治協作(zuo)機制，先后發布四批(pi)外(wai)來入侵物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)名(ming)單。

2.4 生態文明(ming)示范建設(she)

早在1995年(nian)，有(you)關部門就(jiu)組織開展了(le)(le)生(sheng)態(tai)示(shi)(shi)范(fan)(fan)(fan)創(chuang)建工作，形成了(le)(le)系(xi)統完善(shan)的(de)生(sheng)態(tai)示(shi)(shi)范(fan)(fan)(fan)創(chuang)建體系(xi)。經(jing)過(guo)20多年(nian)的(de)實踐探索，生(sheng)態(tai)示(shi)(shi)范(fan)(fan)(fan)創(chuang)建大(da)致(zhi)經(jing)歷了(le)(le)生(sheng)態(tai)示(shi)(shi)范(fan)(fan)(fan)區(1995—2008年(nian))、生(sheng)態(tai)建設(she)示(shi)(shi)范(fan)(fan)(fan)區(2009—2016年(nian))、生(sheng)態(tai)文明(ming)建設(she)示(shi)(shi)范(fan)(fan)(fan)區(2017年(nian)至(zhi)今)3個(ge)階段(表(biao)4)，逐(zhu)漸形成覆蓋流域和省、市(shi)(shi)、縣(xian)、鄉、村的(de)不(bu)同層級的(de)生(sheng)態(tai)文明(ming)示(shi)(shi)范(fan)(fan)(fan)建設(she)格(ge)局。截至(zhi)目前，全(quan)國有(you)16個(ge)省份、1000多個(ge)縣(xian)(市(shi)(shi)、區)開展了(le)(le)生(sheng)態(tai)文明(ming)示(shi)(shi)范(fan)(fan)(fan)建設(she)，涌現了(le)(le)一大(da)批生(sheng)態(tai)環境改善(shan)與(yu)經(jing)濟社會可(ke)持(chi)續(xu)發展實現“雙贏”的(de)先(xian)進典型，發揮了(le)(le)重要(yao)的(de)示(shi)(shi)范(fan)(fan)(fan)引領作用。

黨的十八大以來(lai)，福(fu)建(jian)(jian)、江西、貴州(zhou)、海(hai)南開(kai)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)了(le)國(guo)家(jia)生(sheng)態(tai)文(wen)(wen)(wen)明試(shi)(shi)驗區(qu)建(jian)(jian)設(she)，作為(wei)(wei)“試(shi)(shi)驗田”重(zhong)點(dian)探(tan)索創新生(sheng)態(tai)文(wen)(wen)(wen)明制度(du)。以習近平(ping)生(sheng)態(tai)文(wen)(wen)(wen)明思想為(wei)(wei)指引，國(guo)家(jia)啟(qi)(qi)動(dong)了(le)“綠水青山就是金山銀山”實踐創新基地(di)(di)建(jian)(jian)設(she)，相關地(di)(di)方(fang)聚焦生(sheng)態(tai)產(chan)品價值實現轉(zhuan)化路徑(jing)和(he)模式開(kai)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)探(tan)索[29]。一些地(di)(di)區(qu)還開(kai)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)了(le)水生(sheng)態(tai)文(wen)(wen)(wen)明建(jian)(jian)設(she)試(shi)(shi)點(dian)、海(hai)洋生(sheng)態(tai)文(wen)(wen)(wen)明建(jian)(jian)設(she)示范區(qu)等(deng)創建(jian)(jian)工(gong)作。圍繞(rao)建(jian)(jian)設(she)美麗中(zhong)國(guo)愿景目(mu)標，浙江、福(fu)建(jian)(jian)等(deng)省(sheng)份(fen)先(xian)行(xing)先(xian)試(shi)(shi)，啟(qi)(qi)動(dong)了(le)美麗中(zhong)國(guo)先(xian)行(xing)示范區(qu)建(jian)(jian)設(she)，努力(li)打造人與自然和(he)諧共生(sheng)的美麗中(zhong)國(guo)省(sheng)域樣板(ban)。

3、未來展望

隨著中國發展進(jin)入新的(de)歷(li)史(shi)階段，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)保護修(xiu)(xiu)復(fu)必須(xu)堅(jian)持以習近平生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)文明思(si)想為(wei)總(zong)領(ling)，全面貫(guan)徹“綠(lv)水青山就是金(jin)山銀山”基本理念，堅(jian)持“山水林田(tian)湖草是生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)命共同體”治理方略，以提升生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)服務功能、改(gai)(gai)善生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)環(huan)境質量、維護生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)安全為(wei)目標，按照嚴守底線、提升質量、增(zeng)進(jin)福(fu)祉、深化實踐(jian)的(de)思(si)路，突出抓好(hao)四個重(zhong)(zhong)點，即重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)空間管控(kong)、重(zhong)(zhong)大生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)工程(cheng)實施(shi)、重(zhong)(zhong)點區域(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)多樣性(xing)保護和重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)文明創新實踐(jian)，探索(suo)建(jian)立生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)保護修(xiu)(xiu)復(fu)綜合管理模(mo)式，著力提高生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)自我修(xiu)(xiu)復(fu)能力和穩定性(xing)，促進(jin)自然生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)質量整體改(gai)(gai)善，筑(zhu)牢(lao)美麗中國生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)根基。

3.1 以重(zhong)要生(sheng)態(tai)空間管(guan)控為優先舉措(cuo)，嚴守自(zi)然(ran)生(sheng)態(tai)安全邊界

以(yi)國(guo)土空(kong)間(jian)規劃(hua)為依(yi)據，強(qiang)化(hua)底線(xian)約束，優化(hua)調整各地(di)城鎮(zhen)空(kong)間(jian)、農(nong)業空(kong)間(jian)、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)空(kong)間(jian)的(de)結構和布(bu)局(ju)，劃(hua)定并嚴守(shou)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)保(bao)護(hu)紅線(xian)、永久基(ji)本(ben)農(nong)田、城鎮(zhen)開(kai)發邊(bian)界三條控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)。實行(xing)最嚴格(ge)的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)空(kong)間(jian)準入(ru)管(guan)理制(zhi)(zhi)度，全面落(luo)實生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)環境分區管(guan)控(kong)方案和生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)環境準入(ru)清單制(zhi)(zhi)度，強(qiang)化(hua)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)環境底線(xian)約束。加強(qiang)自(zi)然(ran)保(bao)護(hu)地(di)、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)保(bao)護(hu)紅線(xian)等重(zhong)要(yao)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)空(kong)間(jian)監管(guan)[2]，持續推進自(zi)然(ran)保(bao)護(hu)地(di)“綠盾”強(qiang)化(hua)監督(du)，建立生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)保(bao)護(hu)紅線(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)破(po)(po)壞問題監管(guan)機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)，及時(shi)發現和遏制(zhi)(zhi)各類(lei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)破(po)(po)壞行(xing)為。強(qiang)化(hua)重(zhong)點(dian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)區保(bao)護(hu)與(yu)管(guan)理，嚴格(ge)落(luo)實重(zhong)點(dian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)區產(chan)業準入(ru)負面清單制(zhi)(zhi)度，完善重(zhong)點(dian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)區轉移(yi)支付制(zhi)(zhi)度。加強(qiang)對各類(lei)開(kai)發建設(she)活動的(de)監督(du)管(guan)理，對國(guo)家重(zhong)點(dian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)保(bao)護(hu)修復工(gong)(gong)程實施(shi)全過(guo)程監督(du)，開(kai)展工(gong)(gong)程實施(shi)綜合績(ji)效(xiao)評價。

3.2 以重大生態(tai)工程為基礎支(zhi)撐，提升(sheng)生態(tai)系統質量(liang)和碳匯能(neng)力

以生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)保護紅線、自(zi)然(ran)保護地(di)、重點(dian)(dian)(dian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)功能區等(deng)為重點(dian)(dian)(dian)，因地(di)制(zhi)宜推(tui)進山(shan)水(shui)林田湖草(cao)沙一體化保護修(xiu)復(fu)(fu)。加(jia)快推(tui)進青藏高(gao)原生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)屏障區、黃(huang)河重點(dian)(dian)(dian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)區、長江重點(dian)(dian)(dian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)區、東北(bei)森林帶(dai)(dai)(dai)、北(bei)方(fang)防沙帶(dai)(dai)(dai)、南方(fang)丘陵山(shan)地(di)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)、海(hai)岸(an)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)等(deng)“三區四帶(dai)(dai)(dai)”生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)屏障建設[26]，系(xi)統(tong)實施(shi)(shi)重要生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)統(tong)保護和(he)修(xiu)復(fu)(fu)重大(da)工程[2]，提升(sheng)森林、濕地(di)等(deng)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)統(tong)碳匯能力。始終堅持自(zi)然(ran)恢復(fu)(fu)為主、人工修(xiu)復(fu)(fu)為輔(fu)的(de)方(fang)針，開展(zhan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)脆弱區綜合治理，逐(zhu)步解決水(shui)土流(liu)失(shi)、荒漠化、石漠化、歷史遺留礦山(shan)、損毀土地(di)等(deng)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)受(shou)損退化問題(ti)，提升(sheng)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)統(tong)穩定性。統(tong)籌實施(shi)(shi)城鄉區域生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)保護修(xiu)復(fu)(fu)，構建城鄉生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)廊道，拓展(zhan)綠色生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)空間，改善(shan)城鄉人居(ju)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)境質量。

3.3 以(yi)重點區域(yu)生物多樣性保護為關鍵突破，不(bu)斷(duan)增進人類福祉

生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)多(duo)(duo)樣(yang)性(xing)(xing)關系(xi)(xi)人(ren)(ren)類福祉，是人(ren)(ren)類賴(lai)以(yi)(yi)生(sheng)存和(he)發(fa)展的重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)基礎。應(ying)以(yi)(yi)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)多(duo)(duo)樣(yang)性(xing)(xing)保(bao)護優先區和(he)國(guo)家(jia)重(zhong)(zhong)大戰略區為重(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)(dian)，優先實施(shi)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)多(duo)(duo)樣(yang)性(xing)(xing)本(ben)(ben)底調查、觀測和(he)評估[2]，全(quan)面摸清中國(guo)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)多(duo)(duo)樣(yang)性(xing)(xing)本(ben)(ben)底情(qing)況。加快建立國(guo)家(jia)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)多(duo)(duo)樣(yang)性(xing)(xing)保(bao)護大數據平臺，推進(jin)信息共享和(he)管理應(ying)用[25]。繼(ji)續(xu)深入(ru)推進(jin)野生(sheng)動植物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)就地保(bao)護與遷(qian)地保(bao)護，完(wan)善(shan)以(yi)(yi)國(guo)家(jia)公(gong)園為主體(ti)的自然保(bao)護地體(ti)系(xi)(xi)，建立覆蓋(gai)全(quan)國(guo)國(guo)土的生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)多(duo)(duo)樣(yang)性(xing)(xing)保(bao)護網(wang)絡，逐步恢復重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)生(sheng)境完(wan)整性(xing)(xing)和(he)連(lian)通性(xing)(xing)。加強(qiang)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)資源保(bao)護與管理，強(qiang)化野生(sheng)動物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)資源利(li)用監管[24]，積(ji)極防(fang)治外來入(ru)侵物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)，提高國(guo)家(jia)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)安全(quan)治理能力。以(yi)(yi)履行《生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)多(duo)(duo)樣(yang)性(xing)(xing)公(gong)約》為重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)切入(ru)點(dian)(dian)，深度(du)參與全(quan)球生(sheng)態環境治理[32]。

3.4 以重要(yao)生(sheng)態文明創新(xin)實(shi)踐為主要(yao)載體，促進生(sheng)態產(chan)品價值實(shi)現

持(chi)續(xu)深化(hua)國(guo)家生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)文(wen)(wen)明(ming)(ming)示(shi)(shi)(shi)范建(jian)(jian)設、“綠水(shui)青山就是金(jin)山銀山”實(shi)踐創(chuang)(chuang)新基地(di)(di)、美麗中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)先行示(shi)(shi)(shi)范區(qu)等創(chuang)(chuang)建(jian)(jian)工作，按照地(di)(di)域特點、創(chuang)(chuang)建(jian)(jian)基礎(chu)等，優化(hua)全國(guo)生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)文(wen)(wen)明(ming)(ming)示(shi)(shi)(shi)范建(jian)(jian)設格局，形成各(ge)有側重(zhong)、相互支撐、點面結合的(de)示(shi)(shi)(shi)范創(chuang)(chuang)建(jian)(jian)體(ti)(ti)系[29]。開展(zhan)生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)文(wen)(wen)明(ming)(ming)示(shi)(shi)(shi)范創(chuang)(chuang)建(jian)(jian)經驗(yan)總結，推廣(guang)可(ke)復制(zhi)、可(ke)借鑒的(de)模式[33]，集(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)打造一(yi)批高質量創(chuang)(chuang)建(jian)(jian)集(ji)群和(he)樣板(ban)。完(wan)善生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)文(wen)(wen)明(ming)(ming)示(shi)(shi)(shi)范建(jian)(jian)設激勵約束機制(zhi)，加強中(zhong)(zhong)央和(he)地(di)(di)方支持(chi)力度，形成政策合力和(he)創(chuang)(chuang)新動力。完(wan)善創(chuang)(chuang)建(jian)(jian)標準體(ti)(ti)系，開展(zhan)定期評估與動態(tai)(tai)監管(guan)，嚴格準入和(he)退(tui)出機制(zhi)[29]。將(jiang)探(tan)索生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)產品價(jia)值(zhi)實(shi)現機制(zhi)作為各(ge)類生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)文(wen)(wen)明(ming)(ming)示(shi)(shi)(shi)范建(jian)(jian)設的(de)核心內(nei)容，通(tong)過(guo)不(bu)同層(ceng)級、不(bu)同類型(xing)的(de)創(chuang)(chuang)建(jian)(jian)活動，形成一(yi)批生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)產品價(jia)值(zhi)全面實(shi)現、綠色高質量發展(zhan)的(de)典范，成為向世界展(zhan)示(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)文(wen)(wen)明(ming)(ming)建(jian)(jian)設成果的(de)重(zhong)要窗口。

參(can)考文獻

[1]侯鵬(peng),王橋,申文明,等.生態系統綜合評估研究進展:內涵、框架與挑戰[J].地理研究,2015,34(10):1809-1823.

[2]王夏(xia)暉(hui),張簫.我國新時(shi)期生態保護修復(fu)總體戰略(lve)與重大(da)任務[J].中國環境管理,2020,12(6):82-87.

[3]徐志剛,馬瑞,于秀波,等(deng).成本(ben)效益、政(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)機(ji)制與生(sheng)態恢復(fu)建設(she)的可持續(xu)發(fa)展——整體視角(jiao)下對我國生(sheng)態保護(hu)建設(she)工(gong)程及政(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)的評(ping)價[J].中國軟科學,2010(2):5-13,131-131.

[4]張惠遠,郝(hao)海(hai)廣,翟瑞雪,等.“十三五”時(shi)期國家生態安全的若干問(wen)題及對策[J].環境(jing)保(bao)護,2017,45(1):25-30.

[5]高吉喜(xi),楊兆平(ping).生態功能(neng)恢(hui)復:中(zhong)國生態恢(hui)復的目(mu)標與(yu)方向[J].生態與(yu)農村環(huan)境學報,2015,31(1):1-6.

[6]牟雪潔,饒勝,張簫(xiao),等.改革開放以來我國生(sheng)態(tai)保(bao)護修復支(zhi)出(chu)核(he)算研究(jiu)[J].生(sheng)態(tai)經(jing)濟(ji),2021,37(7):140-147,160-160.

[7]侯鵬,高吉喜(xi),陳妍,等.中國生(sheng)態保(bao)護政(zheng)策發展歷程(cheng)及其演進特征[J].生(sheng)態學報,2021,41(4):1656-1667.

[8]王夏暉,陸軍,饒勝.新常態下(xia)推進生態保護的基本路(lu)徑探析[J].環境保護,2015,43(1):29-31.

[9]解振華.中國(guo)改革(ge)(ge)開放40年(nian)生態(tai)環境保護的(de)歷史變革(ge)(ge)——從“三廢”治(zhi)理(li)走向生態(tai)文明建設(she)[J].中國(guo)環境管理(li),2019,11(4):5-10,16-16.

[10]饒勝,張強(qiang),牟雪(xue)潔.劃定生態紅(hong)線(xian)創新生態系統管(guan)理(li)[J].環境經(jing)濟(ji),2012(6):57-60.

[11]中華人民(min)共(gong)和國生態(tai)(tai)環境部.2019年中國生態(tai)(tai)環境狀況公(gong)報[EB/OL].(2020-05-18)[2020-06-02].//www.mee.gov.cn/hjzl/sthjzk/zghjzkgb/202006/P020200602509464172096.pdf

[12]中(zhong)共(gong)中(zhong)央辦(ban)公(gong)廳(ting)(ting),國務院(yuan)辦(ban)公(gong)廳(ting)(ting).關于劃定并嚴守生態(tai)保護紅(hong)線的(de)若干意見[EB/OL].(2017-02-07).//wenku.baidu.com/view/05d3da7d2e60ddccda38376baf1ffc4ffe47e2b0.

[13]高吉喜(xi),鄒長新,楊兆平,等.劃定(ding)生(sheng)態紅線保障(zhang)生(sheng)態安全(quan)[N].中國環境(jing)報,2012-10-18(002).

[14]張簫(xiao),饒勝(sheng),何(he)軍,等(deng).生態保護(hu)紅線管理政(zheng)策(ce)框(kuang)架及(ji)建議[J].環(huan)境保護(hu),2017,45(23):43-46.

[15]劉桂環,文(wen)一惠,謝婧,等.國家重點(dian)生(sheng)態功(gong)能區(qu)轉移(yi)支付政策演進及完(wan)善建議[J].環境(jing)保(bao)護,2020,48(17):9-14.

[16]邱倩,江(jiang)河.論(lun)重點生(sheng)態功能區產(chan)業準(zhun)入(ru)負面清單制度的建立(li)[J].環境保護,2016,44(14):41-44.

[17]羅(luo)毅,陳斌.深入推進(jin)國家(jia)重點生態功(gong)能區縣(xian)域生態環境質量監測評價與考核工作[J].環境保護,2014,42(12):10-13.

[18]侯(hou)鵬(peng),高吉喜,萬(wan)華偉(wei),等(deng).陸(lu)地生(sheng)態系統(tong)保護修復成(cheng)效評估(gu)研究(jiu)進展及主要科學問題[J].環境(jing)生(sheng)態學,2021,3(4):1-7.

[19]王威,胡(hu)業翠(cui).改革開放以來我國國土整治歷程(cheng)回顧與新構想[J].自然(ran)資源學報(bao),2020,35(1):53-67.

[20]安巖,顧(gu)佰和(he),王毅,等.基于自(zi)然的(de)(de)解決方案:中國應對氣(qi)候(hou)變化領(ling)域(yu)的(de)(de)政策進(jin)展、問題與對策[J].氣(qi)候(hou)變化研究進(jin)展,2021,17(2):184-194.

[21]張(zhang)明慧,孫昭晨,梁書秀,等.海岸整治修復(fu)國內外(wai)研究進展(zhan)與展(zhan)望[J].海洋環境科學(xue),2017,36(4):635-640.

[22]國家發(fa)展改革委,自然資源部.全國重要生態系統(tong)保(bao)護和修復(fu)重大工(gong)程總體規劃(2021-2035年)[EB/OL].(2020-06-03).//www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/2020-06/12/content_5518982.htm.

[23]羅(luo)明(ming),于恩逸,周(zhou)妍,等.山水林田(tian)湖草生(sheng)態(tai)保(bao)護修復(fu)試點工程布局及(ji)技術策(ce)略[J].生(sheng)態(tai)學(xue)報,2019,39(23):8692-8701.

[24]楊明,周桔,曾艷,等(deng).我國生物(wu)多樣性保護(hu)的主要進展及工作建(jian)議(yi)[J].中國科學院(yuan)院(yuan)刊,2021,36(4):399-408.

[25]魏輔文,平曉鴿,胡義波,等.中國(guo)生物(wu)多樣性保護(hu)取得的(de)主要成(cheng)績(ji)、面臨(lin)的(de)挑戰與對(dui)策(ce)建議[J].中國(guo)科學院院刊,2021,36(4):375-383.

[26]任海,郭兆暉.中國生物多樣性保護的(de)進展(zhan)及展(zhan)望[J].生態科學,2021,40(3):247-252.

[27]外交部.共建地(di)球生命(ming)共同(tong)體:中(zhong)國在行動——聯合國生物(wu)多樣性峰會中(zhong)方立場文(wen)件[R/OL].(2020-09-21).//www.mee.gov.cn/ywdt/hjywnews/202009/t20200921_799500.shtml.

[28]馬雨晶(jing),劉(liu)盈(ying)含.我國野生動植物保護成效顯(xian)著(zhu)[N].中國綠色時報,2020-12-11(01-02).

[29]崔(cui)書紅.生(sheng)態文明示范(fan)創建實踐與(yu)啟示[J].環境(jing)保護(hu),2021,49(12):34-38.

[30]王金南,董戰峰,蔣洪強,等.中國環境(jing)保(bao)護(hu)戰略政策70年(nian)歷史變遷與改革方向[J].環境(jing)科學研究,2019,32(10):1636-1644.

[31]王金南,萬軍,王倩,等.改革開(kai)放40年與中(zhong)(zhong)國生態(tai)環境規劃發展[J].中(zhong)(zhong)國環境管理,2018,10(6):5-18.

[32]孫金(jin)龍.促進人與自(zi)然和諧(xie)共生奮力譜寫新時(shi)代(dai)生態環境保護事業新篇章[J].旗(qi)幟(zhi),2020(9):16-18.

[33]黃潤秋.以示范(fan)創建為抓手(shou)深入(ru)推進生(sheng)態(tai)文明建設[J].中(zhong)國生(sheng)態(tai)文明,2019(1):6-9.

文獻(xian)來源：王夏暉,何軍,牟雪潔,等.中(zhong)(zhong)國生態保護(hu)修復20年：回顧與展望[J].中(zhong)(zhong)國環境管理,2021,(05):85-92.

DOI：10.16868/j.cnki.1674-6252.2021.05.085

作者簡(jian)介(jie)：王夏暉，博(bo)士，研(yan)究員(yuan)，研(yan)究方向(xiang)為區域(yu)生(sheng)態保護修(xiu)復規(gui)劃(hua)與工程管理(li)、土地污染生(sheng)態修(xiu)復。

*責任(ren)作者：牟雪潔，碩士，助理研究員(yuan)，研究方向為(wei)區域生態系統評估、生態保護修復規劃政策(ce)。

聲明：本文(wen)轉自中國環境管理(li)，本文(wen)版權(quan)歸(gui)原作者所有，不代表本網站觀點，僅供學習(xi)交流之(zhi)用，不做商業(ye)用途。如文(wen)中的內(nei)容(rong)、圖(tu)片、音(yin)頻(pin)、視頻(pin)等(deng)存在第三方的在先知識產權(quan)，請及時(shi)聯系(xi)我們刪(shan)除(chu)。