摘要

近20年來(lai)，中(zhong)國(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)修(xiu)復(fu)事業取(qu)得長(chang)足進步(bu)，為保(bao)(bao)(bao)障(zhang)國(guo)家(jia)(jia)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)安全、推進美麗中(zhong)國(guo)建(jian)設提(ti)供了(le)(le)重要(yao)基礎支撐(cheng)。國(guo)家(jia)(jia)通過實施一系列生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)修(xiu)復(fu)政策和(he)(he)重大工程，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)修(xiu)復(fu)取(qu)得明顯進展(zhan)，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)產品供給(gei)能(neng)(neng)力保(bao)(bao)(bao)持總體穩定。本文回顧(gu)了(le)(le)近20年中(zhong)國(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)修(xiu)復(fu)發展(zhan)歷(li)程，分別(bie)從國(guo)土生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)空間(jian)管(guan)控(kong)、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)系統保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)修(xiu)復(fu)、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物多(duo)樣性保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)文明示(shi)范(fan)建(jian)設等重點領域總結(jie)了(le)(le)主要(yao)進展(zhan)和(he)(he)成效。面向(xiang)建(jian)設美麗中(zhong)國(guo)以及實現(xian)碳(tan)達峰碳(tan)中(zhong)和(he)(he)目標(biao)愿景，以維護(hu)國(guo)家(jia)(jia)和(he)(he)區域生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)安全、恢復(fu)和(he)(he)提(ti)升生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)系統服務功(gong)能(neng)(neng)、推動生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)產品價值實現(xian)為著(zhu)力點，對新時期中(zhong)國(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)修(xiu)復(fu)提(ti)出未來(lai)展(zhan)望。

引(yin)言

近20年(nian)來，中國不斷深化生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)保(bao)護(hu)修復(fu)(fu)戰略(lve)部署，系(xi)統(tong)開展(zhan)頂(ding)層設計，推動(dong)生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)保(bao)護(hu)修復(fu)(fu)制度改革創新，持(chi)續(xu)加大生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)保(bao)護(hu)修復(fu)(fu)投入，穩(wen)步提升生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)保(bao)護(hu)修復(fu)(fu)監管(guan)能力，為(wei)保(bao)障經濟社(she)會可持(chi)續(xu)發展(zhan)奠定了(le)堅實的生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)安全基(ji)礎(chu)。生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)統(tong)具有提供自然資源和生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)統(tong)服務的多(duo)重屬性[1]，是人類社(she)會發展(zhan)的根(gen)本性、基(ji)礎(chu)性支撐。加強生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)保(bao)護(hu)修復(fu)(fu)成為(wei)建(jian)設美麗中國的重大任務和加快(kuai)推進生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)文明建(jian)設的優(you)先行動(dong)[2]。

20世紀80年(nian)代(dai)以(yi)來，中國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)經歷的(de)(de)多次重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)大自然(ran)災(zai)害(hai)[3]，尤其是1998年(nian)長江大洪水(shui)和(he)2000年(nian)北方大面積沙塵暴天氣的(de)(de)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)，引起政府和(he)公眾對生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)保(bao)(bao)護修(xiu)復(fu)(fu)工(gong)作的(de)(de)高(gao)度重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)視[4]，國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)陸續啟動實施一大批生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)恢復(fu)(fu)與建(jian)設(she)(she)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)大工(gong)程[4-6]，印發(fa)實施《全(quan)(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)環境(jing)建(jian)設(she)(she)規劃》《全(quan)(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)環境(jing)保(bao)(bao)護綱要(yao)》等重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)文件(jian)，“十一五(wu)”“十二五(wu)”“十三五(wu)”連續印發(fa)實施三個全(quan)(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)保(bao)(bao)護五(wu)年(nian)規劃，加(jia)(jia)快(kuai)了中國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)保(bao)(bao)護修(xiu)復(fu)(fu)工(gong)作。同時，隨(sui)著多次國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)務(wu)院機(ji)構(gou)改革，生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)保(bao)(bao)護修(xiu)復(fu)(fu)的(de)(de)職責(ze)、內容(rong)、組織(zhi)形式均發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)了重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)大變化，尤其是隨(sui)著歷次機(ji)構(gou)改革，生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)保(bao)(bao)護修(xiu)復(fu)(fu)職責(ze)分(fen)工(gong)逐步(bu)理順[2]，政策制度體(ti)系逐步(bu)完善，推動生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)保(bao)(bao)護修(xiu)復(fu)(fu)從局部、單(dan)要(yao)素保(bao)(bao)護修(xiu)復(fu)(fu)向區域(yu)山水(shui)林(lin)田湖草沙一體(ti)化保(bao)(bao)護修(xiu)復(fu)(fu)和(he)綜(zong)合治理的(de)(de)加(jia)(jia)快(kuai)轉變，生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)保(bao)(bao)護修(xiu)復(fu)(fu)支撐國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)和(he)區域(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)安全(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)地位更加(jia)(jia)突出。

本(ben)文重點梳理了(le)近20年來中國(guo)生態(tai)(tai)保(bao)護修復重要政策(ce)和(he)重大工(gong)程實施(shi)進展，對國(guo)土生態(tai)(tai)空間管控(kong)、生態(tai)(tai)系統保(bao)護修復、生物多樣性保(bao)護、生態(tai)(tai)文明示范建設等重點領域成效進行(xing)了(le)總結，立足維護國(guo)家生態(tai)(tai)安全、建設美(mei)麗中國(guo)目(mu)標(biao)愿景提出(chu)未來展望。

1、中國(guo)生態保護修復歷程回顧

近20年(nian)來(lai)，面對經濟社會快(kuai)速發(fa)(fa)展帶來(lai)的一系(xi)列生(sheng)(sheng)態退化問題[2-4]，加(jia)上“可持(chi)續發(fa)(fa)展”“生(sheng)(sheng)態系(xi)統服務”“生(sheng)(sheng)態文明(ming)”等生(sheng)(sheng)態保(bao)護(hu)(hu)理(li)論和理(li)念的興起(qi)與發(fa)(fa)展，中國對生(sheng)(sheng)態保(bao)護(hu)(hu)修復的觀念認知發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)深刻轉(zhuan)變，從根本上推(tui)動了生(sheng)(sheng)態保(bao)護(hu)(hu)修復政策革新(表1)。

1.1 以生態(tai)建(jian)設(she)與(yu)重點治(zhi)理為主階(jie)段(1997—2006年(nian))

在(zai)1997年黨(dang)的十五大提出(chu)“實施可持(chi)續發展戰(zhan)略(lve)”的背景下(xia)，國(guo)家(jia)將生(sheng)態(tai)環境保(bao)護上升到與經濟社(she)會發展同等重要的地位，生(sheng)態(tai)保(bao)護事關國(guo)家(jia)環境安全的觀念(nian)初(chu)步形成[7]。啟動實施一(yi)大批(pi)重點(dian)區域生(sheng)態(tai)恢復工程，有效遏制(zhi)了(le)局部區域生(sheng)態(tai)惡化趨勢。

1998年(nian)(nian)，國(guo)務(wu)院(yuan)印(yin)發(fa)《全(quan)國(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)建設(she)規劃(hua)(hua)》，確立了該階(jie)段(duan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)工(gong)作(zuo)聚(ju)焦重(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)(dian)地(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)、重(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)(dian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)問(wen)題實施(shi)一批(pi)重(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)(dian)工(gong)程的(de)總基調[3]。2000年(nian)(nian)，國(guo)務(wu)院(yuan)印(yin)發(fa)《全(quan)國(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)綱要(yao)》，提出重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)區(qu)(qu)(qu)、重(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)(dian)資(zi)源開發(fa)區(qu)(qu)(qu)、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)良好地(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)“三區(qu)(qu)(qu)”推進(jin)的(de)戰(zhan)略思路(lu)，引入生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)統服務(wu)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)和(he)分(fen)(fen)區(qu)(qu)(qu)分(fen)(fen)類管理的(de)政策[7]，工(gong)作(zuo)思路(lu)從重(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)(dian)區(qu)(qu)(qu)域治理轉向保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)優先、分(fen)(fen)區(qu)(qu)(qu)分(fen)(fen)類管理。2005年(nian)(nian)，國(guo)務(wu)院(yuan)印(yin)發(fa)《關于落(luo)實科學發(fa)展(zhan)觀(guan)加強(qiang)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)的(de)決(jue)定》，首次將生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)擺在(zai)同經(jing)濟發(fa)展(zhan)同等(deng)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)的(de)戰(zhan)略地(di)位(wei)。2006年(nian)(nian)，《國(guo)民經(jing)濟和(he)社會發(fa)展(zhan)第十(shi)(shi)一個五(wu)年(nian)(nian)規劃(hua)(hua)綱要(yao)》突(tu)出強(qiang)調了源頭保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)、自(zi)然(ran)恢復，推動生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)和(he)建設(she)的(de)重(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)(dian)從事(shi)后治理向事(shi)前保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)轉變，從人工(gong)建設(she)為(wei)主向自(zi)然(ran)恢復為(wei)主轉變;同年(nian)(nian)發(fa)布的(de)《全(quan)國(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)“十(shi)(shi)一五(wu)”規劃(hua)(hua)》，是中國(guo)首個生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)五(wu)年(nian)(nian)專項規劃(hua)(hua)，進(jin)一步強(qiang)調了保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)優先、維(wei)系(xi)自(zi)然(ran)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)統的(de)完整和(he)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)、實施(shi)分(fen)(fen)區(qu)(qu)(qu)分(fen)(fen)類指導(dao)，標(biao)志著生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)工(gong)作(zuo)進(jin)入新階(jie)段(duan)，至此源頭保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)、分(fen)(fen)區(qu)(qu)(qu)分(fen)(fen)類、自(zi)然(ran)恢復的(de)觀(guan)念(nian)初(chu)步形成(cheng)。

1.2 以生態空間和(he)生態功(gong)能保(bao)護恢復為主階(jie)段(duan)(2007—2011年)

在(zai)2007年黨的十七大提出(chu)的生態(tai)(tai)文明理念引領下，按照分(fen)區分(fen)類的推進思路，深(shen)入推進重要生態(tai)(tai)功能(neng)保(bao)(bao)護區、生態(tai)(tai)脆弱區等重要生態(tai)(tai)空間保(bao)(bao)護和(he)生態(tai)(tai)功能(neng)恢復，重點生態(tai)(tai)功能(neng)區保(bao)(bao)護制度(du)初步建立。

2007年(nian)，《國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)點生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)保(bao)護區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)規劃(hua)(hua)綱(gang)要(yao)(yao)》印發實施，首次提(ti)出(chu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)保(bao)護區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)屬于(yu)限制開發區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)理念。2008年(nian)，在(zai)《全國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)劃(hua)(hua)》中提(ti)出(chu)，在(zai)全國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)劃(hua)(hua)分50個重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)，明確(que)了(le)水源涵養(yang)、水土保(bao)持、防風固沙、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物多(duo)樣(yang)性維(wei)護和洪水調蓄(xu)等各類生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)保(bao)護方向;同年(nian)印發的(de)(de)(de)《全國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)脆弱(ruo)(ruo)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)保(bao)護規劃(hua)(hua)綱(gang)要(yao)(yao)》則主要(yao)(yao)明確(que)了(le)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)脆弱(ruo)(ruo)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)保(bao)護任(ren)務。至此，我國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)初步形(xing)成了(le)以重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)脆弱(ruo)(ruo)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)為重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)點的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)空(kong)間(jian)保(bao)護政(zheng)策(ce)。2010年(nian)，國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)務院(yuan)(yuan)印發《全國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)主體(ti)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)規劃(hua)(hua)》，確(que)定25個國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)點生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)，繼承其屬于(yu)限制開發區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)定位，并將(jiang)原有的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)脆弱(ruo)(ruo)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)有關政(zheng)策(ce)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)，以國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)點生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)制度形(xing)式(shi)確(que)立下(xia)來(lai)。2011年(nian)，國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)務院(yuan)(yuan)《關于(yu)加(jia)強環境保(bao)護重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)點工作的(de)(de)(de)意見》首次提(ti)出(chu)，在(zai)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)、陸地(di)和海洋生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環境敏感區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)、脆弱(ruo)(ruo)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)等區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)劃(hua)(hua)定生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)保(bao)護紅線，以一條紅線管控(kong)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)空(kong)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)思路初見雛形(xing)。

1.3 以山水林田湖草沙系(xi)統保護修復為(wei)主(zhu)階段(2012年(nian)至今)

在習近平生態文明思想(xiang)指引下，按照(zhao)“山水(shui)林(lin)田湖草(cao)是(shi)生命共同體”理念，生態保護(hu)修復(fu)工作(zuo)逐漸向(xiang)生態系統整(zheng)體保護(hu)、系統修復(fu)、綜(zong)合治理轉變。

黨的(de)(de)十(shi)八大(da)以來，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)文(wen)明建(jian)設納入中國(guo)(guo)特色社會主義(yi)建(jian)設“五位(wei)一(yi)體(ti)(ti)”總體(ti)(ti)布局(ju)[8]，提(ti)出(chu)(chu)尊(zun)重自(zi)然、順應自(zi)然、保護(hu)(hu)(hu)自(zi)然的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)文(wen)明理念(nian)和(he)(he)堅持(chi)(chi)(chi)節約優先、保護(hu)(hu)(hu)優先、自(zi)然恢(hui)復為主的(de)(de)方(fang)針。黨的(de)(de)十(shi)九大(da)報告提(ti)出(chu)(chu)“堅持(chi)(chi)(chi)人與自(zi)然和(he)(he)諧共(gong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)”的(de)(de)基本方(fang)略(lve)(lve)(lve)[7,9]，正式(shi)(shi)確立(li)建(jian)設美(mei)麗中國(guo)(guo)戰(zhan)略(lve)(lve)(lve)。2018年召(zhao)開的(de)(de)全國(guo)(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環境保護(hu)(hu)(hu)大(da)會正式(shi)(shi)確立(li)了習近平(ping)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)文(wen)明思想，為新時期生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)保護(hu)(hu)(hu)修復工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)提(ti)供了思想指(zhi)引(yin)和(he)(he)方(fang)法路徑。這一(yi)時期，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)保護(hu)(hu)(hu)修復工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)加快(kuai)推(tui)進，有關(guan)部門(men)編制實(shi)施(shi)(shi)全國(guo)(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)保護(hu)(hu)(hu)與建(jian)設規(gui)劃、全國(guo)(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)保護(hu)(hu)(hu)規(gui)劃、全國(guo)(guo)重要(yao)(yao)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)保護(hu)(hu)(hu)和(he)(he)修復重大(da)工(gong)(gong)程總體(ti)(ti)規(gui)劃等重要(yao)(yao)規(gui)劃，對(dui)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)保護(hu)(hu)(hu)修復目(mu)標、任務(wu)、工(gong)(gong)程和(he)(he)政策措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)進行(xing)部署。國(guo)(guo)家(jia)持(chi)(chi)(chi)續組(zu)織開展(zhan)全國(guo)(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)狀(zhuang)況變化遙(yao)感調查評估工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)，對(dui)全國(guo)(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)質(zhi)量與功能進行(xing)綜合(he)評估。《關(guan)于劃定并嚴守生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)保護(hu)(hu)(hu)紅線(xian)的(de)(de)若干意見》印發實(shi)施(shi)(shi)，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)保護(hu)(hu)(hu)紅線(xian)制度上(shang)升(sheng)為國(guo)(guo)家(jia)戰(zhan)略(lve)(lve)(lve)[10]。國(guo)(guo)家(jia)先后組(zu)織實(shi)施(shi)(shi)三批山水林田湖(hu)草(cao)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)保護(hu)(hu)(hu)修復工(gong)(gong)程試點和(he)(he)首批山水林田湖(hu)草(cao)沙一(yi)體(ti)(ti)化保護(hu)(hu)(hu)修復工(gong)(gong)程項目(mu)，以重大(da)工(gong)(gong)程和(he)(he)政策機制創新，推(tui)動(dong)重要(yao)(yao)區域(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)整體(ti)(ti)保護(hu)(hu)(hu)修復的(de)(de)理念(nian)得到(dao)強(qiang)化和(he)(he)落實(shi)。

總體(ti)(ti)而言(yan)，過去20年是中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)保護修(xiu)(xiu)復事業長足發展和(he)體(ti)(ti)制機制創新(xin)變(bian)革(ge)的(de)重要(yao)時期。在(zai)此期間，生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)保護修(xiu)(xiu)復在(zai)國(guo)(guo)家治理體(ti)(ti)系(xi)中(zhong)的(de)地位(wei)和(he)作用逐(zhu)漸(jian)提(ti)升，生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)保護修(xiu)(xiu)復觀念由(you)重生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)建(jian)設(she)、輕預防保護逐(zhu)步轉變(bian)為保護優先(xian)、自然恢復為主(zhu)，生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)保護修(xiu)(xiu)復模式由(you)局(ju)部恢復、末端治理逐(zhu)步轉變(bian)為生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)空間嚴格管控、生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)統整體(ti)(ti)保護修(xiu)(xiu)復，初步構建(jian)起以維護國(guo)(guo)家生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)安全、穩定和(he)提(ti)升生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)統服務功能(neng)、改善(shan)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)環境質量為核心，涵蓋(gai)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)統“結構、過程(cheng)、格局(ju)、功能(neng)、質量”綜合調控的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)保護修(xiu)(xiu)復體(ti)(ti)系(xi)。

2、進(jin)展(zhan)與成效

2.1 國(guo)土生態空(kong)間管控

近(jin)20年(nian)(nian)來(lai)(lai)，中(zhong)國(guo)初(chu)步(bu)建(jian)立(li)(li)起以自(zi)然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)地、生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)紅線(xian)為(wei)(wei)重點，以重點生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)功能(neng)區(qu)(qu)為(wei)(wei)補充(chong)的(de)(de)國(guo)土(tu)生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)空間管(guan)控制(zhi)(zhi)度體(ti)系，規范各(ge)類(lei)資源開發(fa)和(he)建(jian)設活動，重要生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)空間得(de)到(dao)嚴(yan)格保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)，國(guo)家(jia)(jia)生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)安(an)(an)全(quan)屏(ping)障骨架基(ji)本構筑[7]，有效維護(hu)(hu)和(he)保(bao)(bao)障了(le)國(guo)家(jia)(jia)生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)安(an)(an)全(quan)。自(zi)然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)地體(ti)系逐步(bu)建(jian)立(li)(li)健全(quan)。中(zhong)國(guo)較早(zao)建(jian)立(li)(li)自(zi)然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)制(zhi)(zhi)度，1994年(nian)(nian)國(guo)家(jia)(jia)正式發(fa)布(bu)實施《自(zi)然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)條例》，后于2017年(nian)(nian)修訂完善。隨著建(jian)設國(guo)家(jia)(jia)公(gong)(gong)園(yuan)目標的(de)(de)提出，自(zi)然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)地建(jian)設進入優化發(fa)展階段[7]。2017年(nian)(nian)以來(lai)(lai)，國(guo)家(jia)(jia)先(xian)后印發(fa)《建(jian)立(li)(li)國(guo)家(jia)(jia)公(gong)(gong)園(yuan)體(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)總體(ti)方案》《關于建(jian)立(li)(li)以國(guo)家(jia)(jia)公(gong)(gong)園(yuan)為(wei)(wei)主體(ti)的(de)(de)自(zi)然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)地體(ti)系的(de)(de)指導意見》，各(ge)地逐步(bu)建(jian)立(li)(li)起以國(guo)家(jia)(jia)公(gong)(gong)園(yuan)為(wei)(wei)主體(ti)、自(zi)然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)為(wei)(wei)基(ji)礎、各(ge)類(lei)自(zi)然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)公(gong)(gong)園(yuan)為(wei)(wei)補充(chong)的(de)(de)自(zi)然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)地體(ti)系。截至2019年(nian)(nian)底，中(zhong)國(guo)共建(jian)立(li)(li)以國(guo)家(jia)(jia)公(gong)(gong)園(yuan)為(wei)(wei)主體(ti)的(de)(de)各(ge)級、各(ge)類(lei)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)地逾1.18萬個，陸域保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)面(mian)積超(chao)過172.8萬平(ping)方千(qian)米，保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)面(mian)積占全(quan)國(guo)陸域國(guo)土(tu)面(mian)積的(de)(de)18%、管(guan)轄(xia)海域面(mian)積的(de)(de)4.1%[11]。生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)環(huan)境部門印發(fa)《自(zi)然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)地生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)環(huan)境監(jian)管(guan)工作暫行(xing)辦法》，持(chi)續開展“綠(lv)盾(dun)”自(zi)然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)地強化監(jian)督，有效遏(e)制(zhi)(zhi)了(le)各(ge)類(lei)生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)破壞行(xing)為(wei)(wei)。

生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)紅線(xian)(xian)劃(hua)定(ding)和(he)監(jian)(jian)管深(shen)入推進(jin)。生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)紅線(xian)(xian)是保(bao)(bao)(bao)障和(he)維護(hu)(hu)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)安全的(de)底線(xian)(xian)和(he)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)命線(xian)(xian)[12]，劃(hua)定(ding)并嚴守生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)紅線(xian)(xian)，是維護(hu)(hu)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)安全、促進(jin)經濟社會可持續(xu)發展(zhan)的(de)重要(yao)(yao)戰略[10,13,14]。自2011年(nian)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)提出(chu)劃(hua)定(ding)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)紅線(xian)(xian)要(yao)(yao)求以來，先后制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)出(chu)臺(tai)《關(guan)于劃(hua)定(ding)并嚴守生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)紅線(xian)(xian)的(de)若干意見》《關(guan)于在國(guo)(guo)土空間規(gui)劃(hua)中統籌劃(hua)定(ding)落實三條控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)(xian)的(de)指(zhi)(zhi)導意見》等一系列政策(ce)文件(jian)。同時，各有關(guan)部(bu)門(men)加快推進(jin)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)紅線(xian)(xian)劃(hua)定(ding)、評估調整、勘界定(ding)標(biao)工作，制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)紅線(xian)(xian)監(jian)(jian)管配套政策(ce)，印發生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)紅線(xian)(xian)監(jian)(jian)管指(zhi)(zhi)標(biao)體系、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)紅線(xian)(xian)監(jian)(jian)管技(ji)術規(gui)范等標(biao)準規(gui)范，探索建(jian)立生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)紅線(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)破(po)壞問題監(jian)(jian)管機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，建(jian)立國(guo)(guo)家(jia)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)紅線(xian)(xian)監(jian)(jian)管平臺(tai)，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)紅線(xian)(xian)監(jian)(jian)管制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度逐步健全。

重(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)區(qu)(qu)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)持政策(ce)不斷(duan)強化。重(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)區(qu)(qu)政策(ce)最(zui)早源于《全(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)環(huan)境保(bao)護綱(gang)要(yao)(yao)》提(ti)出的建立“生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)保(bao)護區(qu)(qu)”要(yao)(yao)求。在原國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家環(huan)境保(bao)護總局印發的《國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家重(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)保(bao)護區(qu)(qu)規劃綱(gang)要(yao)(yao)》《全(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)區(qu)(qu)劃》中，使用的是(shi)“重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)保(bao)護區(qu)(qu)”的概念。直到2010年(nian)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)務(wu)院發布《全(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)主體功(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)區(qu)(qu)規劃》，正式確定了覆蓋436個(ge)縣(xian)域(yu)(yu)的25個(ge)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家重(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)區(qu)(qu)，重(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)區(qu)(qu)制(zhi)度正式建立。目前(qian)，國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家重(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)區(qu)(qu)范圍已增至(zhi)818個(ge)縣(xian)域(yu)(yu)[7]，投入資金累計超過6000億元(yuan)[15](圖1)。2020年(nian)，國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家重(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)區(qu)(qu)轉(zhuan)移(yi)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)付資金達(da)794.5億元(yuan)，約是(shi)2008年(nian)的13倍。此外，不同部門制(zhi)定了國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家重(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)區(qu)(qu)轉(zhuan)移(yi)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)付政策(ce)、產業準(zhun)入負面清單(dan)制(zhi)度[16]、縣(xian)域(yu)(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)環(huan)境質量監測評(ping)價與考核[17]等配套政策(ce)。

2.2 生態系統(tong)保護修復

近(jin)20年(nian)來(lai)，中(zhong)國(guo)不斷加強森林、草原(yuan)、濕(shi)地等重要生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)系統(tong)保(bao)護修復(fu)，開(kai)展生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)退化區域恢復(fu)治理，實施一大批(pi)重要生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)系統(tong)保(bao)護和修復(fu)重大工程，生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)惡化趨勢(shi)基本得到遏(e)制，自然生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)系統(tong)質量有所改善，生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)系統(tong)服(fu)務功能逐步(bu)增強。

重要生態(tai)(tai)系(xi)統(tong)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)修復持續(xu)推進(jin)(jin)。我國(guo)先(xian)后修訂(ding)《森林(lin)(lin)法(fa)(fa)》《草(cao)原(yuan)法(fa)(fa)》《水法(fa)(fa)》等生態(tai)(tai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)修復相關法(fa)(fa)律，編制(zhi)實(shi)施(shi)了(le)(le)天然(ran)林(lin)(lin)資(zi)源保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)、草(cao)原(yuan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)利用、濕(shi)地(di)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)、耕地(di)草(cao)原(yuan)河湖(hu)休養生息等專項規劃，不(bu)斷(duan)完善退耕還林(lin)(lin)還草(cao)、草(cao)原(yuan)禁牧和(he)草(cao)畜平(ping)衡、濕(shi)地(di)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)管理、海(hai)洋生態(tai)(tai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)等政策制(zhi)度[18,19]。國(guo)家(jia)相繼組(zu)織實(shi)施(shi)天然(ran)林(lin)(lin)資(zi)源保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)、退耕還林(lin)(lin)還草(cao)、退牧還草(cao)、防護(hu)(hu)(hu)林(lin)(lin)建設、濕(shi)地(di)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)修復、京津(jin)風沙源治理、防沙治沙、水土保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)持、石(shi)漠化治理等一(yi)系(xi)列生態(tai)(tai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)修復工程[4-6,20]，推進(jin)(jin)沿海(hai)城(cheng)市“藍色海(hai)灣”綜合整治，實(shi)施(shi)“南紅北柳(liu)”“生態(tai)(tai)島礁”等海(hai)洋生態(tai)(tai)修復工程[21]。根據(ju)第五次(ci)至(zhi)第九次(ci)森林(lin)(lin)資(zi)源清(qing)查數(shu)據(ju)和(he)2021年國(guo)家(jia)林(lin)(lin)業和(he)草(cao)原(yuan)局發布的(de)森林(lin)(lin)覆(fu)蓋(gai)率數(shu)據(ju)，全國(guo)森林(lin)(lin)覆(fu)蓋(gai)率由(you)16.55%提高(gao)至(zhi)23.04%，增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加了(le)(le)6.49個(ge)百分點，森林(lin)(lin)蓄積量由(you)112.7億立方米增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加至(zhi)175.6億立方米，增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加55.81%，森林(lin)(lin)面積由(you)15894萬(wan)(wan)公(gong)頃增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加至(zhi)22045萬(wan)(wan)公(gong)頃，提高(gao)38.70%(圖2)。全國(guo)草(cao)原(yuan)植被(bei)綜合蓋(gai)度達到(dao)56.1%，濕(shi)地(di)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)率達到(dao)50%以上，自然(ran)生態(tai)(tai)系(xi)統(tong)總體(ti)穩定向好[22]。

生態(tai)退(tui)化區域治(zhi)理(li)(li)取得重要進展。水(shui)土(tu)流(liu)失(shi)(shi)、石(shi)漠化、荒(huang)漠化等生態(tai)退(tui)化問(wen)題治(zhi)理(li)(li)得到重視，國(guo)家(jia)修訂《水(shui)土(tu)保(bao)持(chi)法》，制(zhi)定出臺水(shui)土(tu)保(bao)持(chi)、巖溶地區石(shi)漠化綜(zong)合(he)治(zhi)理(li)(li)等專項規劃，持(chi)續實施京津冀(ji)風沙源治(zhi)理(li)(li)、石(shi)漠化綜(zong)合(he)治(zhi)理(li)(li)等防沙治(zhi)沙工程(cheng)和(he)(he)國(guo)家(jia)水(shui)土(tu)保(bao)持(chi)重點工程(cheng)。根據水(shui)土(tu)流(liu)失(shi)(shi)動(dong)態(tai)監測數據和(he)(he)歷年(nian)(nian)《中(zhong)國(guo)水(shui)土(tu)保(bao)持(chi)公(gong)報》《中(zhong)國(guo)巖溶地區石(shi)漠化狀(zhuang)況公(gong)報》《中(zhong)國(guo)荒(huang)漠化和(he)(he)沙化狀(zhuang)況公(gong)報》，截至(zhi)2020年(nian)(nian)，全國(guo)水(shui)土(tu)流(liu)失(shi)(shi)面(mian)積269.27km2，相(xiang)比(bi)1999年(nian)(nian)減(jian)(jian)少(shao)86.7km2，減(jian)(jian)幅達24.36%;截至(zhi)2016年(nian)(nian)，巖溶地區石(shi)漠化面(mian)積1007萬公(gong)頃，相(xiang)比(bi)2005年(nian)(nian)減(jian)(jian)少(shao)289.2萬公(gong)頃，減(jian)(jian)幅達22.3個百(bai)分點;1999—2014年(nian)(nian)荒(huang)漠化和(he)(he)沙化面(mian)積分別減(jian)(jian)少(shao)2.3和(he)(he)1.2個百(bai)分點(圖3)，區域水(shui)土(tu)資源條件得到明顯改善[22]。

山水林(lin)田(tian)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)草(cao)生態(tai)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)修(xiu)(xiu)復工程(cheng)深入實(shi)施(shi)。2016年(nian)起，按(an)照“山水林(lin)田(tian)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)草(cao)是(shi)生命共同體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)”理念，國(guo)家(jia)先(xian)后在事關(guan)國(guo)家(jia)生態(tai)安全(quan)的(de)25個重(zhong)點(dian)(dian)區(qu)(qu)(qu)域實(shi)施(shi)了(le)三批(pi)山水林(lin)田(tian)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)草(cao)生態(tai)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)修(xiu)(xiu)復工程(cheng)試點(dian)(dian)[23](表(biao)2)，探索以區(qu)(qu)(qu)域或(huo)流域生態(tai)系統為單元推進生態(tai)系統整體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)、系統修(xiu)(xiu)復、綜合(he)治理的(de)路徑和模式。2021年(nian)，國(guo)家(jia)在10個地區(qu)(qu)(qu)組織實(shi)施(shi)了(le)山水林(lin)田(tian)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)草(cao)沙一(yi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)化保(bao)(bao)護(hu)修(xiu)(xiu)復工程(cheng)項目(表(biao)3)。這(zhe)些山水林(lin)田(tian)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)草(cao)生態(tai)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)修(xiu)(xiu)復工程(cheng)試點(dian)(dian)和山水林(lin)田(tian)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)草(cao)沙一(yi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)化保(bao)(bao)護(hu)修(xiu)(xiu)復工程(cheng)項目，有(you)力推動了(le)相關(guan)地區(qu)(qu)(qu)生態(tai)系統整體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)和系統修(xiu)(xiu)復，對保(bao)(bao)障國(guo)家(jia)和區(qu)(qu)(qu)域生態(tai)安全(quan)發揮了(le)積極作用。

2.3 生物多樣性保護

近20年來，中國(guo)生(sheng)物(wu)多(duo)樣(yang)性保(bao)(bao)護(hu)取得積極進(jin)(jin)展(zhan)，通過建立以(yi)國(guo)家(jia)公園為主體(ti)(ti)的自然保(bao)(bao)護(hu)地體(ti)(ti)系、推(tui)進(jin)(jin)實施生(sheng)物(wu)多(duo)樣(yang)性保(bao)(bao)護(hu)重(zhong)大工(gong)程等舉措，國(guo)家(jia)重(zhong)點保(bao)(bao)護(hu)和珍(zhen)稀瀕危野(ye)生(sheng)動植物(wu)及其棲息地得到有效保(bao)(bao)護(hu)，生(sheng)物(wu)多(duo)樣(yang)性下降趨(qu)勢得到緩解(jie)。

生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)多(duo)(duo)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)性(xing)(xing)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)基(ji)礎制度趨于完善。中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)先后(hou)頒布實施《野生(sheng)(sheng)動物(wu)(wu)(wu)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)法》《生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)安全法》，積(ji)極推動遺傳(chuan)資(zi)源獲取與惠益分享立法[24,25]。成(cheng)立了生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)多(duo)(duo)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)性(xing)(xing)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家委員會，發布中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)多(duo)(duo)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)性(xing)(xing)紅(hong)色名錄，編制《全國(guo)(guo)(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)物(wu)(wu)(wu)種資(zi)源保(bao)(bao)護(hu)與利用規劃綱要》《中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)多(duo)(duo)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)性(xing)(xing)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)戰略與行動計劃(2011—2030年)》，組織實施生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)多(duo)(duo)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)性(xing)(xing)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)重大(da)工程。持續開展生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)多(duo)(duo)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)性(xing)(xing)本(ben)底調查、觀測(ce)與評估(gu)，在全國(guo)(guo)(guo)劃定35個陸地和水域(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)多(duo)(duo)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)性(xing)(xing)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)優先區(qu)域(yu)，建(jian)立749個生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)多(duo)(duo)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)性(xing)(xing)觀測(ce)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)區(qu)，初步(bu)建(jian)成(cheng)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)多(duo)(duo)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)性(xing)(xing)觀測(ce)網絡。此外，中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)認真履行《生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)多(duo)(duo)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)性(xing)(xing)公約》等國(guo)(guo)(guo)際公約，廣(guang)泛開展生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)多(duo)(duo)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)性(xing)(xing)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)多(duo)(duo)邊(bian)和雙邊(bian)國(guo)(guo)(guo)際合作與協作[26]。

野生(sheng)動(dong)(dong)(dong)植(zhi)物保(bao)護(hu)恢(hui)復(fu)成(cheng)效初顯。中國以自然保(bao)護(hu)地(di)體(ti)系為主體(ti)，不(bu)斷加強野生(sheng)動(dong)(dong)(dong)植(zhi)物就地(di)保(bao)護(hu)。實施瀕(bin)危野生(sheng)動(dong)(dong)(dong)植(zhi)物搶救性保(bao)護(hu)工(gong)程，促(cu)進(jin)野生(sheng)動(dong)(dong)(dong)植(zhi)物恢(hui)復(fu)。組織建立了東北虎豹(bao)、祁連山、大熊貓、三江源(yuan)、海(hai)南(nan)熱帶雨林、武(wu)夷山、神農架、普(pu)達措、錢江源(yuan)和南(nan)山等(deng)10處(chu)國家公(gong)園(yuan)體(ti)制(zhi)試(shi)點。全國已建近200個植(zhi)物園(yuan)(樹木(mu)園(yuan))，建立250處(chu)野生(sheng)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物救護(hu)繁育基地(di)，60多(duo)種(zhong)珍(zhen)稀(xi)、瀕(bin)危野生(sheng)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物人工(gong)繁殖成(cheng)功[27]。部分珍(zhen)稀(xi)瀕(bin)危物種(zhong)野外種(zhong)群(qun)逐步恢(hui)復(fu)，藏羚羊(yang)、普(pu)氏原羚等(deng)物種(zhong)數量明顯增加[28]。

生物(wu)(wu)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)保護(hu)與生物(wu)(wu)安全管(guan)控(kong)不斷強化。國家建立生物(wu)(wu)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)保護(hu)的部際聯席(xi)會議制(zhi)度，加強遺(yi)傳(chuan)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)保護(hu)設(she)(she)施建設(she)(she)，完善國家作物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)、畜(chu)禽遺(yi)傳(chuan)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)保護(hu)體(ti)系，建設(she)(she)31個藥用(yong)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)保存圃(pu)和2個種(zhong)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)庫(ku)[27]。有(you)序推進(jin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)生生物(wu)(wu)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)保護(hu)，制(zhi)定《中國水(shui)(shui)(shui)生生物(wu)(wu)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)養護(hu)行動綱要》，設(she)(she)立一批重要水(shui)(shui)(shui)產種(zhong)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)保護(hu)區。有(you)關(guan)部門建立外來(lai)入侵(qin)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)防治(zhi)協作機制(zhi)，先后發(fa)布四批外來(lai)入侵(qin)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)名單。

2.4 生態(tai)文明示范(fan)建設(she)

早(zao)在1995年，有關部(bu)門就組(zu)織開(kai)展了(le)生態示(shi)(shi)范(fan)創建(jian)(jian)(jian)工作，形成(cheng)了(le)系統完善(shan)的(de)(de)生態示(shi)(shi)范(fan)創建(jian)(jian)(jian)體系。經過(guo)20多年的(de)(de)實踐探索，生態示(shi)(shi)范(fan)創建(jian)(jian)(jian)大致經歷了(le)生態示(shi)(shi)范(fan)區(1995—2008年)、生態建(jian)(jian)(jian)設示(shi)(shi)范(fan)區(2009—2016年)、生態文明(ming)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設示(shi)(shi)范(fan)區(2017年至今)3個階段(表(biao)4)，逐漸形成(cheng)覆蓋流(liu)域和省、市、縣、鄉、村的(de)(de)不同(tong)層級的(de)(de)生態文明(ming)示(shi)(shi)范(fan)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設格局。截(jie)至目前，全國有16個省份、1000多個縣(市、區)開(kai)展了(le)生態文明(ming)示(shi)(shi)范(fan)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設，涌現(xian)了(le)一大批生態環境(jing)改善(shan)與經濟社會可持續(xu)發展實現(xian)“雙贏(ying)”的(de)(de)先進典(dian)型，發揮(hui)了(le)重要的(de)(de)示(shi)(shi)范(fan)引領作用(yong)。

黨的十八大(da)以來，福(fu)(fu)建(jian)(jian)、江西、貴州、海南開展了(le)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家生態文明(ming)試驗(yan)區建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)，作為“試驗(yan)田(tian)”重(zhong)點(dian)探索創新生態文明(ming)制度。以習(xi)近(jin)平生態文明(ming)思想(xiang)為指引，國(guo)(guo)(guo)家啟動了(le)“綠(lv)水青山(shan)就(jiu)是金山(shan)銀山(shan)”實(shi)踐創新基地建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)，相(xiang)關地方聚焦生態產品價(jia)值實(shi)現(xian)轉化路(lu)徑和模式開展探索[29]。一些地區還開展了(le)水生態文明(ming)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)試點(dian)、海洋生態文明(ming)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)示(shi)范區等創建(jian)(jian)工(gong)作。圍繞建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)美(mei)(mei)麗(li)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)愿景目標，浙江、福(fu)(fu)建(jian)(jian)等省份先(xian)行(xing)(xing)先(xian)試，啟動了(le)美(mei)(mei)麗(li)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)先(xian)行(xing)(xing)示(shi)范區建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)，努力打造人與自然和諧共生的美(mei)(mei)麗(li)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)省域樣板(ban)。

3、未(wei)來展望

隨(sui)著(zhu)(zhu)中國(guo)(guo)發展進入新(xin)(xin)的(de)歷(li)史階段(duan)，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)修(xiu)復(fu)必須堅(jian)持以習(xi)近平生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)文明(ming)思想為總領，全面貫(guan)徹“綠水(shui)青山(shan)就(jiu)是金(jin)山(shan)銀山(shan)”基(ji)本理(li)念(nian)，堅(jian)持“山(shan)水(shui)林田(tian)湖草是生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)命共同體(ti)”治(zhi)理(li)方略，以提(ti)升(sheng)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)統(tong)服務(wu)功能(neng)、改善生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)境質(zhi)量、維護(hu)(hu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)安全為目(mu)標，按(an)照嚴守底線、提(ti)升(sheng)質(zhi)量、增進福祉(zhi)、深(shen)化實踐的(de)思路，突(tu)出抓(zhua)好四個重點，即重要生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)空間管(guan)控、重大生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)工程實施、重點區域(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)多樣(yang)性保(bao)護(hu)(hu)和重要生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)文明(ming)創新(xin)(xin)實踐，探索建立生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)修(xiu)復(fu)綜(zong)合管(guan)理(li)模式(shi)，著(zhu)(zhu)力提(ti)高(gao)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)統(tong)自我修(xiu)復(fu)能(neng)力和穩定性，促進自然(ran)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)系(xi)統(tong)質(zhi)量整體(ti)改善，筑牢(lao)美麗中國(guo)(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)根基(ji)。

3.1 以(yi)重(zhong)要(yao)生(sheng)態空(kong)間管控為優先舉措，嚴(yan)守(shou)自然生(sheng)態安全邊界

以國土空間規劃(hua)為依據(ju)，強(qiang)(qiang)化底線約束，優化調整各地(di)城(cheng)鎮(zhen)空間、農業空間、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)空間的(de)結構和布(bu)局，劃(hua)定并(bing)嚴守生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)保護(hu)紅線、永久基本農田、城(cheng)鎮(zhen)開(kai)發(fa)邊(bian)界三條(tiao)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)線。實行(xing)最(zui)嚴格的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)空間準(zhun)入(ru)管(guan)(guan)理制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)，全面落實生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)境分區(qu)管(guan)(guan)控(kong)方案和生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)境準(zhun)入(ru)清單制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)，強(qiang)(qiang)化生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)環(huan)境底線約束。加(jia)強(qiang)(qiang)自然保護(hu)地(di)、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)保護(hu)紅線等重(zhong)(zhong)要生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)空間監(jian)管(guan)(guan)[2]，持續推(tui)進自然保護(hu)地(di)“綠盾”強(qiang)(qiang)化監(jian)督，建立生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)保護(hu)紅線生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)破(po)壞問題監(jian)管(guan)(guan)機制(zhi)(zhi)，及時發(fa)現和遏制(zhi)(zhi)各類生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)破(po)壞行(xing)為。強(qiang)(qiang)化重(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)功能(neng)(neng)(neng)區(qu)保護(hu)與管(guan)(guan)理，嚴格落實重(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)功能(neng)(neng)(neng)區(qu)產業準(zhun)入(ru)負面清單制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)，完善重(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)功能(neng)(neng)(neng)區(qu)轉移支付制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)。加(jia)強(qiang)(qiang)對各類開(kai)發(fa)建設活動的(de)監(jian)督管(guan)(guan)理，對國家重(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)保護(hu)修復工程實施全過程監(jian)督，開(kai)展工程實施綜合績效評價。

3.2 以重大生態工程為基礎(chu)支(zhi)撐，提升生態系統質量和碳匯能(neng)力

以生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)紅線(xian)、自然保(bao)護(hu)(hu)地、重點(dian)(dian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)功能區(qu)(qu)等(deng)為重點(dian)(dian)，因地制宜推進山水林田(tian)湖草沙一體(ti)化(hua)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)修復(fu)。加快(kuai)推進青藏(zang)高原生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)屏障(zhang)區(qu)(qu)、黃河重點(dian)(dian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)區(qu)(qu)、長江重點(dian)(dian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)區(qu)(qu)、東北(bei)森林帶(dai)(dai)、北(bei)方防(fang)沙帶(dai)(dai)、南方丘陵山地帶(dai)(dai)、海岸帶(dai)(dai)等(deng)“三區(qu)(qu)四帶(dai)(dai)”生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)屏障(zhang)建設[26]，系統(tong)實(shi)施重要生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)系統(tong)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)和修復(fu)重大工程[2]，提升(sheng)森林、濕地等(deng)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)系統(tong)碳匯能力。始終堅持自然恢復(fu)為主、人(ren)工修復(fu)為輔(fu)的方針，開(kai)展生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)脆弱區(qu)(qu)綜合治理，逐步解決水土流失、荒漠(mo)化(hua)、石漠(mo)化(hua)、歷(li)史遺留礦山、損毀土地等(deng)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)受(shou)損退化(hua)問題，提升(sheng)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)系統(tong)穩(wen)定性。統(tong)籌實(shi)施城(cheng)鄉(xiang)區(qu)(qu)域生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)修復(fu)，構建城(cheng)鄉(xiang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)廊道，拓展綠色生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)空間，改善城(cheng)鄉(xiang)人(ren)居(ju)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)環境質量(liang)。

3.3 以重點(dian)區域(yu)生(sheng)物多樣性保(bao)護為關鍵突破，不(bu)斷增進人類福(fu)祉

生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)多樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)性(xing)關系人類福祉，是人類賴以(yi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)存和發展的重(zhong)(zhong)要基礎。應(ying)(ying)以(yi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)多樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)性(xing)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)優(you)先(xian)區和國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家重(zhong)(zhong)大戰(zhan)略區為重(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)，優(you)先(xian)實施生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)多樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)性(xing)本底(di)調查(cha)、觀測和評估[2]，全面摸清(qing)中國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)多樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)性(xing)本底(di)情況(kuang)。加(jia)(jia)快建(jian)立國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)多樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)性(xing)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)大數據平臺，推進(jin)信息(xi)共享和管(guan)理(li)(li)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)[25]。繼續深(shen)入(ru)推進(jin)野生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)動(dong)植物(wu)就地(di)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)與遷地(di)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)，完善(shan)以(yi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家公園為主體(ti)的自(zi)然(ran)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)地(di)體(ti)系，建(jian)立覆蓋全國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)土的生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)多樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)性(xing)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)網絡，逐步恢復重(zhong)(zhong)要物(wu)種生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)境完整(zheng)性(xing)和連通(tong)性(xing)。加(jia)(jia)強生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)資源(yuan)(yuan)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)與管(guan)理(li)(li)，強化野生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)動(dong)物(wu)資源(yuan)(yuan)利用(yong)監(jian)管(guan)[24]，積極(ji)防(fang)治(zhi)外來入(ru)侵物(wu)種，提高國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)安全治(zhi)理(li)(li)能力。以(yi)履行《生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)多樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)性(xing)公約》為重(zhong)(zhong)要切入(ru)點(dian)，深(shen)度(du)參與全球生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態環境治(zhi)理(li)(li)[32]。

3.4 以重(zhong)要生態文明(ming)創(chuang)新實(shi)踐(jian)為(wei)主要載(zai)體，促進生態產品(pin)價(jia)值(zhi)實(shi)現

持續深化國(guo)家(jia)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)文(wen)明(ming)示(shi)(shi)范(fan)(fan)(fan)建設、“綠水青山(shan)就是金山(shan)銀(yin)山(shan)”實踐(jian)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新基地、美麗(li)中(zhong)國(guo)先行示(shi)(shi)范(fan)(fan)(fan)區等創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)建工作，按照地域特(te)點(dian)、創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)建基礎等，優(you)化全國(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)文(wen)明(ming)示(shi)(shi)范(fan)(fan)(fan)建設格(ge)(ge)局，形(xing)成(cheng)各(ge)有側重、相互支撐、點(dian)面結合(he)的(de)示(shi)(shi)范(fan)(fan)(fan)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)建體系[29]。開展(zhan)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)文(wen)明(ming)示(shi)(shi)范(fan)(fan)(fan)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)建經驗(yan)總(zong)結，推廣(guang)可復制、可借鑒(jian)的(de)模式[33]，集(ji)中(zhong)打造一批(pi)高質量創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)建集(ji)群和樣板。完善(shan)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)文(wen)明(ming)示(shi)(shi)范(fan)(fan)(fan)建設激勵約束機(ji)制，加(jia)強中(zhong)央和地方(fang)支持力度，形(xing)成(cheng)政策合(he)力和創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新動(dong)力。完善(shan)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)建標準體系，開展(zhan)定期(qi)評估(gu)與動(dong)態(tai)監(jian)管，嚴格(ge)(ge)準入和退出機(ji)制[29]。將探索(suo)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)產品(pin)價(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)實現機(ji)制作為(wei)各(ge)類生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)文(wen)明(ming)示(shi)(shi)范(fan)(fan)(fan)建設的(de)核(he)心內容，通過不(bu)同(tong)層(ceng)級、不(bu)同(tong)類型的(de)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)建活動(dong)，形(xing)成(cheng)一批(pi)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)產品(pin)價(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)全面實現、綠色高質量發展(zhan)的(de)典范(fan)(fan)(fan)，成(cheng)為(wei)向世(shi)界展(zhan)示(shi)(shi)中(zhong)國(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)文(wen)明(ming)建設成(cheng)果的(de)重要窗口。

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文獻來源：王(wang)夏暉,何(he)軍,牟雪(xue)潔,等.中國生態保護修復20年：回(hui)顧與展望[J].中國環境管理,2021,(05):85-92.

DOI：10.16868/j.cnki.1674-6252.2021.05.085

作者簡(jian)介：王(wang)夏暉，博士(shi)，研究員，研究方向為區域(yu)生態保護修復(fu)規劃與(yu)工(gong)程管理、土地污染生態修復(fu)。

*責任作者：牟雪潔(jie)，碩士，助(zhu)理研(yan)究員，研(yan)究方向為區域生(sheng)態系統評估、生(sheng)態保護修(xiu)復(fu)規劃政策。

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