本文梳理了我國(guo)(guo)水資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)特征(zheng)以及用水狀(zhuang)況，提(ti)出水資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)是(shi)制約(yue)我國(guo)(guo)經濟(ji)社會可(ke)(ke)持續(xu)(xu)發(fa)展的(de)瓶頸(jing)；分析了以色列(lie)和美國(guo)(guo)污水再生(sheng)利(li)用的(de)進(jin)展，認(ren)為污水資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)化(hua)是(shi)突(tu)破經濟(ji)社會發(fa)展水資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)瓶頸(jing)的(de)根(gen)本途徑；根(gen)據國(guo)(guo)際污水再生(sheng)利(li)用經驗，認(ren)為我國(guo)(guo)污水資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)化(hua)利(li)用的(de)重點(dian)方向(xiang)應是(shi)農(nong)業灌溉和工業冷卻，并(bing)建議編制《全(quan)國(guo)(guo)水資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)可(ke)(ke)持續(xu)(xu)循環利(li)用綜合規劃》，明確(que)方向(xiang)、控制風險(xian)、健全(quan)政策(ce)，指導(dao)污水資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)化(hua)工作穩步(bu)發(fa)展。

王洪臣  中國人(ren)民大學教授、博士生導師/中國人(ren)民大學低碳水環境技術研究中心主任(ren)

原文標(biao)題：污水(shui)資源(yuan)化是突(tu)破社會發展水(shui)資源(yuan)瓶頸的根(gen)本途徑；作者：王(wang)洪臣；作者單位：中(zhong)國(guo)人民大(da)學(xue)(xue)，中(zhong)國(guo)人民大(da)學(xue)(xue)低碳水(shui)環境技術研究中(zhong)心。將刊登在《給水(shui)排水(shui)》2021年(nian)4期水(shui)業導航欄目(mu)。

污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)化(hua)(hua)包括污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)中碳(tan)、氮、磷等物(wu)質資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的循環(huan)利(li)(li)(li)用和其中蘊含能(neng)量(liang)的回收利(li)(li)(li)用，但(dan)重(zhong)點(dian)還是將(jiang)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)再生后(hou)替代傳統水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，也(ye)就是水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)化(hua)(hua)方(fang)向的利(li)(li)(li)用。本世(shi)紀初(chu)，水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)利(li)(li)(li)部門啟(qi)動全(quan)國性水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)普查及規劃工(gong)作，于(yu)(yu)2011年發(fa)布(bu)并實施《全(quan)國水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)綜合規劃》。限于(yu)(yu)當時條件，這一(yi)(yi)規劃只是針對傳統水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，沒有(you)將(jiang)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)納入規劃。隨(sui)著污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處理(li)設施快速建設，全(quan)國已形成超過2億立方(fang)米每日(ri)的污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處理(li)能(neng)力，年污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處理(li)量(liang)超過700億立方(fang)米，為全(quan)面推動污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)化(hua)(hua)創(chuang)造了前提條件。最近，發(fa)改、住建、生態環(huan)境、水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)利(li)(li)(li)、農業(ye)以及科技等十個國家(jia)部委聯合發(fa)布(bu)《關于(yu)(yu)推進污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)化(hua)(hua)利(li)(li)(li)用的指(zhi)導意見(jian)》，對全(quan)國污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)化(hua)(hua)工(gong)作進行了部署。筆(bi)者認為，在這樣一(yi)(yi)個歷史階段，應結(jie)合現有(you)傳統水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)規劃，盡快編制(zhi)并實施以污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)化(hua)(hua)為核心的《全(quan)國水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)可持續循環(huan)利(li)(li)(li)用綜合規劃》，突破制(zhi)約我國經(jing)濟社會發(fa)展的水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)瓶頸。

1.水資源(yuan)是制(zhi)約我國經濟社(she)會可持續發展的瓶(ping)頸

我國水資源(yuan)總量大(da)，但人均水資源(yuan)占有量低。根據1956-1979年(nian)(nian)統(tong)計，全(quan)國(guo)多(duo)年(nian)(nian)平均(jun)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資源(yuan)(yuan)總量(liang)(liang)為(wei)(wei)2.8萬億立方(fang)米(mi)，這個數值通常(chang)被認為(wei)(wei)是(shi)一(yi)般(ban)意(yi)義上的(de)全(quan)國(guo)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資源(yuan)(yuan)量(liang)(liang)。我國(guo)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資源(yuan)(yuan)總量(liang)(liang)占(zhan)全(quan)球的(de)6%，低于巴西、俄羅斯(si)和(he)(he)加(jia)(jia)拿大(da)(da)，與美(mei)國(guo)相當。雖然(ran)總量(liang)(liang)較(jiao)大(da)(da)，但(dan)人(ren)均(jun)只有2300立方(fang)米(mi)，僅(jin)為(wei)(wei)世(shi)界平均(jun)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)平的(de)1/4，在世(shi)界上名列(lie)121位(wei)，是(shi)全(quan)球13個人(ren)均(jun)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資源(yuan)(yuan)最(zui)貧(pin)乏的(de)國(guo)家之一(yi)。隨著人(ren)口(kou)(kou)數量(liang)(liang)的(de)不斷增加(jia)(jia)，人(ren)均(jun)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資源(yuan)(yuan)量(liang)(liang)還將繼(ji)續(xu)降低。我國(guo)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)特點使水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資源(yuan)(yuan)短缺問題更加(jia)(jia)突出。特點之一(yi)是(shi)年(nian)(nian)際水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資源(yuan)(yuan)量(liang)(liang)差(cha)別較(jiao)大(da)(da)。近二十(shi)年(nian)(nian)來(lai)，水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資源(yuan)(yuan)量(liang)(liang)最(zui)多(duo)的(de)是(shi)2010年(nian)(nian)，達到3.09萬億立方(fang)米(mi)，比(bi)常(chang)年(nian)(nian)值偏多(duo)11.5%；最(zui)少(shao)的(de)是(shi)2011年(nian)(nian)，僅(jin)為(wei)(wei)2.3億立方(fang)米(mi)，比(bi)常(chang)年(nian)(nian)值偏少(shao)16.1%，也是(shi)1956年(nian)(nian)以來(lai)最(zui)少(shao)的(de)一(yi)年(nian)(nian)。一(yi)般(ban)認為(wei)(wei)，隨著氣候變暖等因素的(de)影響，水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)年(nian)(nian)際變化還將進一(yi)步加(jia)(jia)大(da)(da)。另(ling)一(yi)個特點是(shi)南北(bei)分(fen)布嚴重不均(jun)。在全(quan)國(guo)十(shi)個水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資源(yuan)(yuan)片區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)中，南方(fang)四區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)（長江、珠江兩(liang)大(da)(da)流域和(he)(he)東南諸河、西南諸河）的(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資源(yuan)(yuan)量(liang)(liang)占(zhan)到全(quan)國(guo)總量(liang)(liang)的(de)83.3%，但(dan)土(tu)地(di)面積僅(jin)占(zhan)全(quan)國(guo)36.5%，耕地(di)面積僅(jin)占(zhan)全(quan)國(guo)40%；北(bei)方(fang)六區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)（松花江、遼河、海(hai)河、黃河和(he)(he)淮河5大(da)(da)流域以及西北(bei)諸河）的(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資源(yuan)(yuan)量(liang)(liang)僅(jin)占(zhan)全(quan)國(guo)的(de)16.7%，但(dan)土(tu)地(di)和(he)(he)耕地(di)卻遠高于南方(fang)4區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)。我國(guo)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資源(yuan)(yuan)空間分(fen)布和(he)(he)土(tu)地(di)資源(yuan)(yuan)、人(ren)口(kou)(kou)分(fen)布不相匹配，極(ji)不均(jun)衡。

我(wo)國節水力度大，近(jin)十年來的(de)總用水量已(yi)經趨(qu)于零增長。上世(shi)紀(ji)五(wu)十年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)，全(quan)(quan)國(guo)(guo)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)平均僅為(wei)1000億(yi)(yi)立(li)(li)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)米(mi)(mi)左右。隨著(zhu)人(ren)口(kou)增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)和(he)(he)經(jing)(jing)濟發展，用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)持續增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)，2010年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)達(da)到(dao)(dao)約(yue)6000億(yi)(yi)立(li)(li)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)米(mi)(mi)，年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)均增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)50億(yi)(yi)立(li)(li)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)米(mi)(mi)。可以合理開(kai)(kai)發利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)源一(yi)般僅占水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)源總量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)30%，如按水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)源總量(liang)(liang)(liang)2.5～2.8萬億(yi)(yi)立(li)(li)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)米(mi)(mi)計，全(quan)(quan)國(guo)(guo)可利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)源總量(liang)(liang)(liang)實際僅為(wei)7500-8500億(yi)(yi)立(li)(li)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)米(mi)(mi)，考慮到(dao)(dao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)源的(de)(de)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)際變化(hua)(hua)和(he)(he)空間(jian)分布(bu)不(bu)均，我國(guo)(guo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)已(yi)(yi)經(jing)(jing)接近可利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)源量(liang)(liang)(liang)，許(xu)多(duo)(duo)地區水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)源已(yi)(yi)經(jing)(jing)枯竭。因此，國(guo)(guo)家從“十二五(wu)”開(kai)(kai)始施行“最嚴格(ge)的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)源管理制度(du)”，劃定用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)紅線(xian)，控制用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)增(zeng)長。2010年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)全(quan)(quan)國(guo)(guo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)6022億(yi)(yi)立(li)(li)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)米(mi)(mi)，2019年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)6021億(yi)(yi)立(li)(li)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)米(mi)(mi)，總用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)實現(xian)了(le)零增(zeng)長。分析近十年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)變化(hua)(hua)，農業(ye)(ye)灌溉一(yi)直維持在(zai)3700億(yi)(yi)立(li)(li)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)米(mi)(mi)左右，工(gong)業(ye)(ye)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)有減(jian)少，生(sheng)活用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)有增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)。2010年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)全(quan)(quan)國(guo)(guo)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)值(zhi)為(wei)16萬億(yi)(yi)元(yuan)(yuan)，2019年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)到(dao)(dao)32萬億(yi)(yi)元(yuan)(yuan)，而工(gong)業(ye)(ye)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)則由(you)1450億(yi)(yi)立(li)(li)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)米(mi)(mi)下降(jiang)到(dao)(dao)1220億(yi)(yi)立(li)(li)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)米(mi)(mi)，這一(yi)成績來源于工(gong)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)大力節水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)，把(ba)萬元(yuan)(yuan)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)值(zhi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)由(you)2010年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)90立(li)(li)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)米(mi)(mi)降(jiang)低到(dao)(dao)2019年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)38立(li)(li)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)米(mi)(mi)。2010年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)居(ju)民生(sheng)活用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)為(wei)765億(yi)(yi)立(li)(li)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)米(mi)(mi)，2019年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)到(dao)(dao)870億(yi)(yi)立(li)(li)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)米(mi)(mi)，這些增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)是由(you)于改善衛(wei)生(sheng)狀(zhuang)況(kuang)和(he)(he)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen)(zhen)化(hua)(hua)率的(de)(de)不(bu)斷(duan)提高。隨著(zhu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)衛(wei)生(sheng)狀(zhuang)況(kuang)的(de)(de)不(bu)斷(duan)改善，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen)(zhen)人(ren)均日生(sheng)活用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)（含公共(gong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)）由(you)2010年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)193升提高到(dao)(dao)2019年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)225升，農村居(ju)民人(ren)均生(sheng)活用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)由(you)2010年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)83升提高到(dao)(dao)2019年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)89升。2010年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)全(quan)(quan)國(guo)(guo)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen)(zhen)化(hua)(hua)率僅為(wei)49.9%，而2019年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)則達(da)到(dao)(dao)60.6%，而城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen)(zhen)居(ju)民維持正常生(sheng)活比農村居(ju)民需要更多(duo)(duo)的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)。

水資源(yuan)已經成(cheng)為(wei)我(wo)國經濟(ji)社會可(ke)持續發展的瓶頸(jing)。2019年(nian)(nian)(nian)，全(quan)國工(gong)(gong)(gong)業用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)重(zhong)復利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)率超過(guo)80%，京津(jin)冀地區(qu)則超過(guo)90%，2019年(nian)(nian)(nian)全(quan)國萬(wan)元工(gong)(gong)(gong)業增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)值用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)低(di)于40立(li)方米，海(hai)河(he)(he)、黃(huang)河(he)(he)和淮(huai)河(he)(he)流域(yu)則低(di)于了20立(li)方米，這(zhe)樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)平(ping)(ping)已經遠超發(fa)(fa)達國家，提(ti)前十年(nian)(nian)(nian)達到了《全(quan)國水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)綜合規劃》提(ti)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)2030年(nian)(nian)(nian)目標，最近(jin)召開的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)全(quan)國水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)利(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)會議提(ti)出(chu)“十四五”期間(jian)萬(wan)元工(gong)(gong)(gong)業增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)值用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)將(jiang)在(zai)2020年(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎上(shang)再下降16%。實際(ji)上(shang)，工(gong)(gong)(gong)業進(jin)一步(bu)節水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空間(jian)將(jiang)主(zhu)要(yao)集中在(zai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)豐富地區(qu)，缺水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)地區(qu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業領域(yu)已沒(mei)有太大節水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空間(jian)，要(yao)繼(ji)續快(kuai)速增(zeng)長(chang)(chang)反而需(xu)(xu)要(yao)增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)，那(nei)么支撐工(gong)(gong)(gong)業增(zeng)長(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)在(zai)哪里(li)？過(guo)去(qu)十年(nian)(nian)(nian)，城鎮(zhen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)率每年(nian)(nian)(nian)增(zeng)長(chang)(chang)1%，由(you)城鎮(zhen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)導致(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)供水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)被(bei)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)降低(di)所(suo)抵消。今年(nian)(nian)(nian)兩會提(ti)出(chu)將(jiang)繼(ji)續推進(jin)新型城鎮(zhen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)戰略，2025年(nian)(nian)(nian)將(jiang)常住(zhu)人口城鎮(zhen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)率提(ti)高到65%，發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)壯大城市(shi)(shi)群和都市(shi)(shi)圈，那(nei)么支撐城鎮(zhen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)又在(zai)哪里(li)？兩會提(ti)出(chu)，為(wei)保(bao)障好(hao)14億人的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)糧食安全(quan)，糧食綜合生產能力需(xu)(xu)保(bao)持在(zai)1.3萬(wan)億斤以(yi)(yi)上(shang)，這(zhe)決定了3700億立(li)方米的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)業灌溉用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)會像18億畝基本(ben)農(nong)田(tian)一樣(yang)不(bu)可動搖。另外，我(wo)(wo)國生態環境用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)雖逐(zhu)(zhu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)增(zeng)長(chang)(chang)，但多年(nian)(nian)(nian)處(chu)于低(di)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)平(ping)(ping)，到2019年(nian)(nian)(nian)也僅占總用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)4%，也亟需(xu)(xu)逐(zhu)(zhu)步(bu)增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)。綜上(shang)，我(wo)(wo)國現有水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)狀況(kuang)難以(yi)(yi)支撐工(gong)(gong)(gong)業增(zeng)長(chang)(chang)、進(jin)一步(bu)城鎮(zhen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)以(yi)(yi)及(ji)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)生態安全(quan)，黃(huang)河(he)(he)、淮(huai)河(he)(he)、海(hai)河(he)(he)等流域(yu)只(zhi)能提(ti)出(chu)“以(yi)(yi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)定城、以(yi)(yi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)定地、以(yi)(yi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)定人、以(yi)(yi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)定產”，水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)已經成為(wei)我(wo)(wo)國經濟社(she)會可持續發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)瓶頸。

2.污水(shui)資源(yuan)化利(li)用是突(tu)破水(shui)資源(yuan)瓶(ping)頸的根本途徑

2011年發(fa)布(bu)實施(shi)的(de)(de)(de)《全國(guo)水(shui)資(zi)源(yuan)綜合規(gui)劃》，全面摸清了(le)我(wo)國(guo)水(shui)資(zi)源(yuan)及(ji)其開(kai)(kai)發(fa)利(li)(li)用(yong)狀(zhuang)況，劃定(ding)了(le)用(yong)水(shui)量紅線，提(ti)出了(le)用(yong)水(shui)效率(lv)指標，對(dui)于(yu)解決(jue)(jue)我(wo)國(guo)水(shui)資(zi)源(yuan)短缺(que)(que)問題發(fa)揮(hui)著基(ji)礎作用(yong)。但是(shi)，這(zhe)個(ge)規(gui)劃重(zhong)在節流(liu)，只強調(diao)了(le)提(ti)高傳統(tong)水(shui)資(zi)源(yuan)用(yong)水(shui)效率(lv)及(ji)用(yong)水(shui)量控制(zhi)，沒有對(dui)污水(shui)再生利(li)(li)用(yong)和海水(shui)淡化等(deng)非傳統(tong)水(shui)資(zi)源(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)開(kai)(kai)發(fa)進行系(xi)統(tong)規(gui)劃，沒有通過開(kai)(kai)源(yuan)突破水(shui)資(zi)源(yuan)瓶頸。縱觀(guan)解決(jue)(jue)水(shui)資(zi)源(yuan)緊(jin)缺(que)(que)問題的(de)(de)(de)國(guo)際經驗，跨(kua)流(liu)域調(diao)水(shui)可以部分緩解一定(ding)地區范圍(wei)內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)緊(jin)缺(que)(que)狀(zhuang)況，但根本(ben)上(shang)還是(shi)依靠非傳統(tong)水(shui)資(zi)源(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)開(kai)(kai)發(fa)利(li)(li)用(yong)，以色列(lie)、新加坡、澳大(da)利(li)(li)亞(ya)、南非、納(na)米(mi)比亞(ya)等(deng)缺(que)(que)水(shui)國(guo)家(jia)都是(shi)開(kai)(kai)發(fa)利(li)(li)用(yong)非傳統(tong)水(shui)資(zi)源(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)典范。

以(yi)(yi)色(se)列(lie)60%國(guo)(guo)土(tu)是(shi)(shi)沙(sha)漠(mo)，其余部(bu)分(fen)屬于半干旱地(di)區，年降水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)435毫米(mi)（2017）。1962年，以(yi)(yi)色(se)列(lie)人均水(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)為786立方(fang)米(mi)，隨著各地(di)猶太人不(bu)斷返回，2017年人均水(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)降低到(dao)214立方(fang)米(mi)，水(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)極度缺乏。但是(shi)(shi)，以(yi)(yi)色(se)列(lie)政府2013年10月(yue)宣布全國(guo)(guo)用(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)不(bu)再(zai)受天氣制約，水(shui)(shui)(shui)安全問題已經徹底解決，其根本途徑就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)利(li)(li)用(yong)和海水(shui)(shui)(shui)淡(dan)化等非傳統水(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)開發。從上世紀九十年代開始，以(yi)(yi)色(se)列(lie)建(jian)設了大量(liang)(liang)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)、輸配、儲(chu)存、利(li)(li)用(yong)設施，全國(guo)(guo)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)利(li)(li)用(yong)率超過(guo)(guo)了75%，最新報道，現在的(de)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)利(li)(li)用(yong)率已超過(guo)(guo)90%，下一步(bu)是(shi)(shi)達到(dao)100%，實現全部(bu)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)利(li)(li)用(yong)。以(yi)(yi)色(se)列(lie)再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)水(shui)(shui)(shui)90%用(yong)于農(nong)(nong)業(ye)灌溉，支撐起(qi)現代高效農(nong)(nong)業(ye)，除了自給(gei)自足，還成為農(nong)(nong)產品出口國(guo)(guo)。美國(guo)(guo)作家賽斯·西格爾（Seth M. Siegel）在深入考察以(yi)(yi)色(se)列(lie)水(shui)(shui)(shui)務后認為，“沒(mei)(mei)(mei)有(you)再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)水(shui)(shui)(shui)，就(jiu)沒(mei)(mei)(mei)有(you)以(yi)(yi)色(se)列(lie)的(de)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)，也(ye)就(jiu)沒(mei)(mei)(mei)有(you)這樣一個(ge)中東強國(guo)(guo)” 。

美國(guo)(guo)(guo)年(nian)降(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)715毫米(mi)（2017），人均(jun)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)量(liang)(liang)9459立(li)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)米(mi)（2017），是我國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)四倍多(duo)。我國(guo)(guo)(guo)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)南北分(fen)布不(bu)均(jun)，美國(guo)(guo)(guo)是東西分(fen)布不(bu)均(jun)，東部(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)(de)大湖地(di)區(qu)和(he)(he)密西西比河流域水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)極其豐(feng)富，大量(liang)(liang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于直(zhi)排式(shi)熱電(dian)冷卻，而西部(bu)(bu)則嚴(yan)重(zhong)缺(que)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)，有(you)限的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)主(zhu)(zhu)要用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于農(nong)業灌溉。美國(guo)(guo)(guo)年(nian)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)4450億立(li)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)米(mi)（2015），其中熱電(dian)冷卻用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)占(zhan)(zhan)41%，農(nong)業灌溉占(zhan)(zhan)37%，市(shi)政(zheng)供水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)占(zhan)(zhan)12%，工業自備用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)占(zhan)(zhan)5%，水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產和(he)(he)畜(chu)牧業用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)占(zhan)(zhan)3%，采礦和(he)(he)居民生(sheng)活自備各(ge)占(zhan)(zhan)1%。美國(guo)(guo)(guo)五十年(nian)前就開(kai)始了(le)污水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)再生(sheng)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究(jiu)與實踐，在南加州以及(ji)(ji)佛(fo)羅里達(da)等地(di)區(qu)陸續建設了(le)一批污水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)再生(sheng)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)設施(shi)(shi)，但全國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)污水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)再生(sheng)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)率只有(you)6%～7%，不(bu)能應對水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)緊(jin)缺(que)狀(zhuang)況。2014年(nian)，美國(guo)(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)會的(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)府(fu)問(wen)責(ze)局（GAO）認(ren)為(wei)單純通過(guo)提高(gao)(gao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)效率無法滿足糧(liang)食安(an)全和(he)(he)經濟(ji)持續增長的(de)(de)(de)需要，面(mian)對多(duo)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)面(mian)壓力，預(yu)計2025年(nian)將有(you)超過(guo)40個(ge)(ge)州面(mian)臨缺(que)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)狀(zhuang)態，責(ze)成(cheng)聯(lian)邦政(zheng)府(fu)采取措施(shi)(shi)應對水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)危機。2019年(nian)，聯(lian)邦政(zheng)府(fu)宣(xuan)布實施(shi)(shi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)回(hui)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)行(xing)動計劃(hua)（WRAP），全面(mian)規(gui)劃(hua)并實施(shi)(shi)包括市(shi)政(zheng)污水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、工業廢水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、農(nong)田徑流、油氣開(kai)采廢水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)和(he)(he)雨水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)六大方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)向的(de)(de)(de)收集、再生(sheng)與回(hui)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，目標是保障美國(guo)(guo)(guo)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)安(an)全以及(ji)(ji)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)可(ke)持續性和(he)(he)韌(ren)性。正(zheng)在編制的(de)(de)(de)行(xing)動計劃(hua)包括11個(ge)(ge)戰略(lve)主(zhu)(zhu)題、37個(ge)(ge)具體行(xing)動、28個(ge)(ge)各(ge)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)獨立(li)責(ze)任人、80個(ge)(ge)合(he)作(zuo)機構(gou)和(he)(he)200個(ge)(ge)行(xing)動里程碑，涵蓋了(le)政(zheng)策制定、規(gui)劃(hua)建設、評估監(jian)測、責(ze)任追究(jiu)、科學研(yan)究(jiu)以及(ji)(ji)國(guo)(guo)(guo)際合(he)作(zuo)等各(ge)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)面(mian)。按照總(zong)統簽署(shu)的(de)(de)(de)第13834號(hao)行(xing)政(zheng)命令，聯(lian)邦政(zheng)府(fu)成(cheng)立(li)了(le)跨部(bu)(bu)門工作(zuo)組，統一協調各(ge)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)，實施(shi)(shi)“高(gao)(gao)效聯(lian)邦行(xing)動”。

非(fei)傳統(tong)(tong)(tong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)開(kai)發(fa)包括市(shi)(shi)政(zheng)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)和工(gong)業廢水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)再生利用(yong)(yong)、海(hai)(hai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)淡(dan)(dan)化(hua)以及雨(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)收(shou)集(ji)利用(yong)(yong)，美(mei)(mei)國(guo)(guo)還提出(chu)了農田(tian)徑流的(de)(de)(de)(de)收(shou)集(ji)利用(yong)(yong)。在沿(yan)海(hai)(hai)城市(shi)(shi)，海(hai)(hai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)淡(dan)(dan)化(hua)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)開(kai)發(fa)方向(xiang)，但是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)高能(neng)耗以及濃縮水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)生態影響制(zhi)約了大(da)規模開(kai)發(fa)利用(yong)(yong)。多年前，以色列(lie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一個(ge)(ge)政(zheng)策是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)被充分再生利用(yong)(yong)之(zhi)前不開(kai)展(zhan)大(da)規模海(hai)(hai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)淡(dan)(dan)化(hua)，現有的(de)(de)(de)(de)海(hai)(hai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)淡(dan)(dan)化(hua)設施也(ye)主要(yao)用(yong)(yong)作飲(yin)用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。美(mei)(mei)國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)回用(yong)(yong)行動計劃也(ye)暫(zan)時沒有部(bu)(bu)署海(hai)(hai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)淡(dan)(dan)化(hua)，美(mei)(mei)國(guo)(guo)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)部(bu)(bu)作為(wei)WRAP的(de)(de)(de)(de)責任單位之(zhi)一，負(fu)責低(di)能(neng)耗海(hai)(hai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)淡(dan)(dan)化(hua)技術的(de)(de)(de)(de)開(kai)發(fa)，目前的(de)(de)(de)(de)一個(ge)(ge)方向(xiang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)太(tai)陽能(neng)海(hai)(hai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)淡(dan)(dan)化(hua)。阿(a)拉伯國(guo)(guo)家(jia)普(pu)遍(bian)缺水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)，但部(bu)(bu)分國(guo)(guo)家(jia)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)產(chan)油國(guo)(guo)，不存在能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)約束，海(hai)(hai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)淡(dan)(dan)化(hua)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)解決缺水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)問題(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)手段。除科(ke)威特(te)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)化(hua)比例較(jiao)高外，最高的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)沙特(te)，目前只有20%。降水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)文循環的(de)(de)(de)(de)關鍵(jian)環節，雨(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)本(ben)就是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)傳統(tong)(tong)(tong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)來源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，作為(wei)非(fei)傳統(tong)(tong)(tong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)雨(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)利用(yong)(yong)主要(yao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)指人工(gong)收(shou)集(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)小規模利用(yong)(yong)，不是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)非(fei)傳統(tong)(tong)(tong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)開(kai)發(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重點(dian)。綜上，當前非(fei)傳統(tong)(tong)(tong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)開(kai)發(fa)重點(dian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)包括市(shi)(shi)政(zheng)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)和工(gong)業廢水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)化(hua)利用(yong)(yong)。

以色列(lie)(lie)通(tong)過開發(fa)非(fei)傳(chuan)統(tong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)資源(yuan)成功(gong)解決(jue)(jue)了水(shui)(shui)(shui)安全(quan)問(wen)題，我(wo)國(guo)北方許多地區年降水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)、許多城市的(de)(de)人均(jun)(jun)水(shui)(shui)(shui)資源(yuan)量(liang)均(jun)(jun)低于以色列(lie)(lie)，這些地區或城市應(ying)借鑒以色列(lie)(lie)污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)資源(yuan)化成功(gong)經(jing)驗，開發(fa)非(fei)傳(chuan)統(tong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)資源(yuan)，解決(jue)(jue)當地缺水(shui)(shui)(shui)問(wen)題。在(zai)國(guo)家尺度上(shang)，我(wo)國(guo)水(shui)(shui)(shui)資源(yuan)總量(liang)及特(te)征總體(ti)上(shang)與美(mei)國(guo)有相似之處，兩(liang)國(guo)也都有通(tong)過大(da)規模(mo)跨流(liu)域調水(shui)(shui)(shui)應(ying)對(dui)缺水(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)實踐，但(dan)都沒(mei)有解決(jue)(jue)水(shui)(shui)(shui)資源(yuan)緊缺問(wen)題。另外，美(mei)國(guo)五大(da)湖的(de)(de)淡水(shui)(shui)(shui)儲(chu)存(cun)量(liang)占了全(quan)球總淡水(shui)(shui)(shui)儲(chu)量(liang)的(de)(de)25%，人均(jun)(jun)水(shui)(shui)(shui)資源(yuan)也遠高于我(wo)國(guo)。在(zai)這樣(yang)的(de)(de)背景下，我(wo)國(guo)應(ying)當像美(mei)國(guo)那(nei)樣(yang)系統(tong)謀劃，全(quan)面開展以污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)資源(yuan)化為重點的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)回用，突破水(shui)(shui)(shui)資源(yuan)瓶頸，支撐經(jing)濟(ji)社會可持續發(fa)展。

3.科學編制并實施以(yi)污水資(zi)源(yuan)化為(wei)核心(xin)的《全國水資(zi)源(yuan)可持(chi)續循環利用綜合規劃(hua)》

污(wu)水資(zi)源化(hua)利用(yong)方向很多(duo)，涉及(ji)工(gong)業、農業以及(ji)城鎮建設(she)和居民生活等各(ge)方面，流域或地區水資(zi)源特征(zheng)及(ji)經濟社(she)會狀況差(cha)別也(ye)較大，因此，應系統組織(zhi)、多(duo)部門協同，在充分(fen)調(diao)查研究的(de)基(ji)礎上科學(xue)編(bian)制《全國水資(zi)源可持續循環(huan)利用(yong)綜合規(gui)劃》，指(zhi)導污(wu)水資(zi)源化(hua)沿著正確的(de)方向穩步推進。

3.1 在準確(que)把握用(yong)水需(xu)求的基礎上明(ming)確(que)污水資(zi)源化(hua)的重(zhong)點方向(xiang)

污水(shui)再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的方向包(bao)括(kuo)農(nong)業灌(guan)(guan)溉、工(gong)業利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)、市(shi)政雜用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)以(yi)及生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態環(huan)境(jing)等(deng)方面(mian)。工(gong)業利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)包(bao)括(kuo)冷卻(que)水(shui)和工(gong)藝(yi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)，冷卻(que)水(shui)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)量通(tong)常遠大(da)于(yu)工(gong)藝(yi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)，澳大(da)利(li)(li)亞將(jiang)再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)水(shui)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)礦山開采、美國用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)油氣開采也都屬(shu)于(yu)工(gong)業利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。市(shi)政雜用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)包(bao)括(kuo)道路壓塵(chen)、車輛沖洗、沖廁、景觀(guan)娛樂及園林綠化(hua)，沖廁用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)量較大(da)，其它部(bu)分用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)量較少。生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態環(huan)境(jing)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)包(bao)括(kuo)河湖補水(shui)、濕地(di)構建，沿海(hai)地(di)區回灌(guan)(guan)地(di)下(xia)阻(zu)擋(dang)海(hai)水(shui)入侵也屬(shu)于(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態環(huan)境(jing)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)。大(da)部(bu)分國家(jia)或地(di)區再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)水(shui)利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)方向通(tong)常根據項目(mu)當(dang)地(di)的具體需求自然形成(cheng)，例如美國南加州地(di)區，其利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)方向多元化(hua)，有(you)農(nong)業灌(guan)(guan)溉、回灌(guan)(guan)地(di)下(xia)阻(zu)擋(dang)海(hai)水(shui)入侵、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態環(huan)境(jing)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)以(yi)及市(shi)政雜用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。

以色(se)列是目前公認污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)再(zai)生(sheng)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)最成功(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)家，美國(guo)(guo)將以色(se)列作(zuo)為(wei)唯一(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)際(ji)合作(zuo)伙伴納(na)入(ru)了(le)(le)國(guo)(guo)家水(shui)(shui)(shui)回用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)行動計(ji)劃。上世(shi)(shi)紀九十年(nian)代，隨著世(shi)(shi)界各地越來越多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)猶太人(ren)回國(guo)(guo)定居，以色(se)列決(jue)定開始大規模進行污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)再(zai)生(sheng)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，解決(jue)嚴重的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)缺水(shui)(shui)(shui)問(wen)題。經過反復研究，決(jue)定以農(nong)業灌(guan)溉(gai)(gai)為(wei)污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)再(zai)生(sheng)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主要方向(xiang)，事實(shi)上，到現在(zai)為(wei)止(zhi)也基本(ben)是唯一(yi)方向(xiang)。以色(se)列目前800萬人(ren)口，年(nian)產生(sheng)污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)5億立方米，污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)再(zai)生(sheng)處理(li)率(lv)約95%，90%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)再(zai)生(sheng)水(shui)(shui)(shui)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)農(nong)業灌(guan)溉(gai)(gai)，超過灌(guan)溉(gai)(gai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)60%，其余(yu)排入(ru)自然水(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)。為(wei)實(shi)現90%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)率(lv)，以色(se)列投入(ru)巨資建(jian)設(she)了(le)(le)200多座再(zai)生(sheng)水(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)，總庫(ku)容超過2億立方米，敷設(she)了(le)(le)大批從(cong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)放射到灌(guan)溉(gai)(gai)點的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)輸(shu)配(pei)管(guan)道，覆蓋了(le)(le)絕大部分國(guo)(guo)土面(mian)積。如(ru)果不選擇農(nong)業灌(guan)溉(gai)(gai)作(zuo)為(wei)首要利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)方向(xiang)，如(ru)果不建(jian)設(she)這些水(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)和管(guan)道，即使建(jian)設(she)了(le)(le)再(zai)生(sheng)水(shui)(shui)(shui)廠，也沒有高達90%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)再(zai)生(sheng)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)率(lv)，也就沒有以色(se)列今天的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高效農(nong)業。

2019年(nian)我(wo)國(guo)城鎮污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產生量約(yue)750億(yi)(yi)(yi)立方(fang)(fang)米(mi)，其中(zhong)(zhong)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)廢水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)約(yue)200億(yi)(yi)(yi)立方(fang)(fang)米(mi)，其余(yu)為(wei)居民(min)家庭和(he)(he)公共服務產生的(de)(de)(de)(de)生活污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)，這些(xie)污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)或廢水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)總(zong)體上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)已經得到(dao)了(le)較(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)等級處理(li)(li)(li)，具備了(le)規模化(hua)再(zai)生利用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)條(tiao)件。農(nong)村常駐人(ren)口約(yue)6～7億(yi)(yi)(yi)人(ren)，預(yu)計年(nian)產生綜合污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)約(yue)250億(yi)(yi)(yi)立方(fang)(fang)米(mi)，雖然(ran)(ran)目前處理(li)(li)(li)率很低(di)，但(dan)污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資源(yuan)化(hua)可(ke)與污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)治理(li)(li)(li)同步(bu)進(jin)行(xing)。按照以(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)統計和(he)(he)測(ce)算，全國(guo)每年(nian)約(yue)有(you)1000億(yi)(yi)(yi)立方(fang)(fang)米(mi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資源(yuan)可(ke)供(gong)開發利用(yong)(yong)(yong)，這是(shi)(shi)(shi)一筆穩定(ding)可(ke)靠的(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資源(yuan)。另(ling)一方(fang)(fang)面，我(wo)國(guo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)個人(ren)口大國(guo)，必(bi)須確保(bao)(bao)糧(liang)食安全，要(yao)在20億(yi)(yi)(yi)畝(mu)耕地(di)(di)(di)(di)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)產出(chu)(chu)(chu)1.3萬億(yi)(yi)(yi)斤糧(liang)食就(jiu)(jiu)必(bi)須確保(bao)(bao)灌(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)溉用(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。2019年(nian)，全國(guo)灌(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)溉用(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)約(yue)3800億(yi)(yi)(yi)立方(fang)(fang)米(mi)，其中(zhong)(zhong)北(bei)方(fang)(fang)六區(qu)(qu)(qu)2000立方(fang)(fang)米(mi)，南方(fang)(fang)四(si)區(qu)(qu)(qu)1800億(yi)(yi)(yi)立方(fang)(fang)米(mi)。從(cong)環境抽取大量灌(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)溉用(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)，必(bi)然(ran)(ran)限制工(gong)(gong)業(ye)用(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)，制約(yue)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)發展，一些(xie)地(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)甚(shen)至影響了(le)下游的(de)(de)(de)(de)飲水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)安全；許(xu)(xu)多流(liu)域(yu)灌(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)溉季節(jie)無法保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)生態(tai)需水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量，水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)生態(tai)環境受到(dao)干擾。綜上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)，筆者初步(bu)認為(wei)，我(wo)國(guo)污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)再(zai)生利用(yong)(yong)(yong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)否應借鑒以(yi)色列(lie)(lie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)經驗，以(yi)農(nong)業(ye)灌(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)溉為(wei)重點利用(yong)(yong)(yong)方(fang)(fang)向？如(ru)系統規劃建設儲存(cun)與輸配設施，未來(lai)實現(xian)500～800億(yi)(yi)(yi)立方(fang)(fang)米(mi)再(zai)生水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)進(jin)行(xing)農(nong)業(ye)灌(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)溉，將從(cong)根本(ben)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)緩解工(gong)(gong)業(ye)和(he)(he)生活用(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)緊(jin)缺狀況，并同時(shi)改善水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)生態(tai)環境。再(zai)生水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)進(jin)行(xing)農(nong)業(ye)灌(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)溉的(de)(de)(de)(de)另(ling)外一個利益(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)可(ke)以(yi)降(jiang)低(di)污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)脫(tuo)(tuo)氮除(chu)磷(lin)標(biao)準，保(bao)(bao)留(liu)再(zai)生水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)氮磷(lin)降(jiang)低(di)化(hua)肥的(de)(de)(de)(de)施用(yong)(yong)(yong)量，這對于污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)碳氮比天(tian)(tian)然(ran)(ran)失調(diao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)尤(you)其重要(yao)。農(nong)村污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處理(li)(li)(li)設施規模小(xiao)，水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質波動大，可(ke)以(yi)較(jiao)(jiao)穩定(ding)地(di)(di)(di)(di)脫(tuo)(tuo)碳但(dan)難以(yi)脫(tuo)(tuo)氮除(chu)磷(lin)，如(ru)果(guo)以(yi)就(jiu)(jiu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)灌(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)溉為(wei)主要(yao)方(fang)(fang)向，就(jiu)(jiu)不需要(yao)脫(tuo)(tuo)氮除(chu)磷(lin)，建設投資和(he)(he)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)成本(ben)都將大大降(jiang)低(di)。事實上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)，從(cong)1990年(nian)到(dao)2010年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)二十(shi)年(nian)間，以(yi)色列(lie)(lie)主要(yao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)二級出(chu)(chu)(chu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)進(jin)行(xing)灌(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)溉，2010年(nian)之(zhi)后(hou)才(cai)逐(zhu)步(bu)普及了(le)以(yi)脫(tuo)(tuo)碳為(wei)目標(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)深度處理(li)(li)(li)，脫(tuo)(tuo)氮除(chu)磷(lin)標(biao)準并不高(gao)。我(wo)國(guo)許(xu)(xu)多地(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)已有(you)許(xu)(xu)多再(zai)生水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)灌(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)溉的(de)(de)(de)(de)實踐，缺水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)中(zhong)(zhong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)歷史(shi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)村村都有(you)一個澇池，實際上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)村邊低(di)洼處的(de)(de)(de)(de)一個半天(tian)(tian)然(ran)(ran)濕地(di)(di)(di)(di)，全村的(de)(de)(de)(de)生活污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)都排進(jin)去，時(shi)間長了(le)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)就(jiu)(jiu)變(bian)清，之(zhi)后(hou)作為(wei)灌(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)溉水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)源(yuan)。近幾年(nian)，當地(di)(di)(di)(di)有(you)組織地(di)(di)(di)(di)恢復(fu)了(le)大批澇池，一開始建設的(de)(de)(de)(de)都是(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)程澇池，加(jia)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處理(li)(li)(li)設施運(yun)(yun)行(xing)不正常，澇池很快變(bian)黑發臭，后(hou)來(lai)按生態(tai)技術(shu)建設的(de)(de)(de)(de)生態(tai)澇池都獲(huo)得了(le)成功(gong)。新疆阿克(ke)蘇的(de)(de)(de)(de)車庫市建設了(le)一個庫容30萬立方(fang)(fang)米(mi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)調(diao)蓄水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫，注入河東污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處理(li)(li)(li)廠(chang)出(chu)(chu)(chu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)冬儲夏灌(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)。

污水(shui)再(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)利用(yong)(yong)的(de)第二(er)個方(fang)向(xiang)應是熱(re)電及工業大戶的(de)冷卻水(shui)，這個方(fang)向(xiang)用(yong)(yong)量(liang)較大，用(yong)(yong)水(shui)點(dian)(dian)集中(zhong)，只(zhi)需從(cong)再(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)水(shui)廠到(dao)用(yong)(yong)水(shui)點(dian)(dian)的(de)點(dian)(dian)對點(dian)(dian)連接，管(guan)(guan)道(dao)敷設(she)(she)(she)難度小。如果市政雜用(yong)(yong)，用(yong)(yong)水(shui)量(liang)小且分散，再(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)水(shui)沿城市建成區(qu)逆向(xiang)擴(kuo)散，既(ji)沒有(you)空間建設(she)(she)(she)儲存設(she)(she)(she)施，也難以(yi)找到(dao)敷設(she)(she)(she)輸配管(guan)(guan)線的(de)路(lu)由，利用(yong)(yong)率就提高不上去。生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態環(huan)境補水(shui)方(fang)向(xiang)可以(yi)作為(wei)接受剩(sheng)余再(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)水(shui)的(de)備用(yong)(yong)，不宜(yi)作為(wei)重要方(fang)向(xiang)，道(dao)理很簡單，既(ji)然能(neng)從(cong)環(huan)境少(shao)取，就沒有(you)必要多取了再(zai)(zai)補。

污水(shui)(shui)再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)敏感(gan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)向(xiang)是(shi)(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)(huo)飲(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)用(yong)(yong)(yong)，這個(ge)(ge)方(fang)(fang)(fang)向(xiang)從學界(jie)(jie)到(dao)(dao)工程界(jie)(jie)爭論(lun)了(le)多(duo)年(nian)，近年(nian)來逐漸(jian)明(ming)晰，這就是(shi)(shi)在(zai)那些飲(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)水(shui)(shui)困(kun)難的(de)地區(qu)應(ying)該(gai)規(gui)劃建(jian)設再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)水(shui)(shui)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)(huo)飲(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)用(yong)(yong)(yong)設施(shi)。再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)水(shui)(shui)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)(huo)飲(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)用(yong)(yong)(yong)包括直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)接(jie)(jie)飲(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)用(yong)(yong)(yong)和(he)間(jian)接(jie)(jie)飲(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)用(yong)(yong)(yong)，直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)接(jie)(jie)飲(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)用(yong)(yong)(yong)是(shi)(shi)指污水(shui)(shui)再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)后作(zuo)為(wei)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)水(shui)(shui)處理廠的(de)水(shui)(shui)源(yuan)或(huo)超深度再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)后直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)接(jie)(jie)飲(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)用(yong)(yong)(yong)，間(jian)接(jie)(jie)飲(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)用(yong)(yong)(yong)是(shi)(shi)指將(jiang)(jiang)再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)水(shui)(shui)注(zhu)入天(tian)然水(shui)(shui)體或(huo)地下(xia)經(jing)過(guo)環境緩(huan)沖(chong)(chong)后再(zai)與清潔水(shui)(shui)混(hun)合作(zuo)為(wei)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)水(shui)(shui)處理廠的(de)水(shui)(shui)源(yuan)，新(xin)加(jia)坡的(de)新(xin)生(sheng)(sheng)水(shui)(shui)就是(shi)(shi)間(jian)接(jie)(jie)飲(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)用(yong)(yong)(yong)，納米(mi)(mi)比(bi)亞(ya)和(he)南非很多(duo)年(nian)前(qian)就開(kai)始將(jiang)(jiang)再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)水(shui)(shui)間(jian)接(jie)(jie)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)(huo)飲(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)用(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)，美國加(jia)州地區(qu)也建(jian)設了(le)數(shu)座再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)水(shui)(shui)間(jian)接(jie)(jie)飲(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)用(yong)(yong)(yong)設施(shi)。我國的(de)西北甚至華北存在(zai)許多(duo)飲(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)水(shui)(shui)困(kun)難地區(qu)，那些年(nian)降(jiang)水(shui)(shui)量(liang)不(bu)足150毫米(mi)(mi)而又(you)沒(mei)有(you)過(guo)境水(shui)(shui)資源(yuan)的(de)地區(qu)理論(lun)上都(dou)屬于(yu)飲(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)水(shui)(shui)困(kun)難地區(qu)，都(dou)需要規(gui)劃建(jian)設再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)水(shui)(shui)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)(huo)飲(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)用(yong)(yong)(yong)設施(shi)。美國德(de)克薩斯州埃爾帕索市一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)叫Carollo的(de)再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)水(shui)(shui)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)(huo)飲(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)用(yong)(yong)(yong)工程已經(jing)完成設計，將(jiang)(jiang)于(yu)今年(nian)開(kai)工建(jian)設，Bustamante污水(shui)(shui)處理廠出(chu)水(shui)(shui)經(jing)過(guo)該(gai)工程處理后直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)接(jie)(jie)輸配到(dao)(dao)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)水(shui)(shui)管網供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)居民生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)(huo)飲(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)用(yong)(yong)(yong)，既沒(mei)有(you)自然環境緩(huan)沖(chong)(chong)，也不(bu)經(jing)過(guo)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)水(shui)(shui)處理廠，建(jian)成后將(jiang)(jiang)是(shi)(shi)全球第一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)水(shui)(shui)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)接(jie)(jie)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)(huo)飲(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)用(yong)(yong)(yong)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)。該(gai)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)2012年(nian)開(kai)始可行性研(yan)究，最大設計供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)水(shui)(shui)能(neng)力(li)45000立方(fang)(fang)(fang)米(mi)(mi)/天(tian)，經(jing)過(guo)中(zhong)間(jian)試驗確定(ding)以(yi)雙膜過(guo)濾+紫外(wai)催化(hua)高級氧化(hua)+活(huo)(huo)(huo)性炭吸(xi)附為(wei)核心工藝(yi)單(dan)元，并(bing)開(kai)展(zhan)了(le)各種(zhong)風險情(qing)景的(de)模(mo)擬評估，最后決(jue)定(ding)正式(shi)立項(xiang)(xiang)建(jian)設。

3.2 科學認(ren)識并理性評估污水資(zi)源(yuan)化風險

規模(mo)(mo)化(hua)長期使用再(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)存在(zai)一(yi)(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風險，關于(yu)病原體(ti)(ti)(ti)、鹽(yan)度以(yi)(yi)及內分泌(mi)干擾物(wu)等(deng)(deng)新興(xing)(xing)污染物(wu)對(dui)(dui)人體(ti)(ti)(ti)健康和生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態影響的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研究一(yi)(yi)直在(zai)進行，爭論也(ye)一(yi)(yi)直在(zai)持續。以(yi)(yi)色列在(zai)開(kai)始(shi)大規模(mo)(mo)農業灌溉以(yi)(yi)后(hou)，發(fa)(fa)現(xian)部分地區(qu)地下水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)有(you)(you)(you)鹽(yan)漬(zi)化(hua)傾(qing)向，隨后(hou)開(kai)展(zhan)了(le)全國性源頭減(jian)鹽(yan)行動，包括工(gong)業企業減(jian)少用鹽(yan)或(huo)尋找替(ti)代品、嚴禁高鹽(yan)廢水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)排入下水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)道以(yi)(yi)及倡導公眾避免過(guo)度耗鹽(yan)等(deng)(deng)措(cuo)施，無法(fa)避免的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高鹽(yan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)則(ze)另外處(chu)理后(hou)排入水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)(ti)(ti)，沿海地區(qu)則(ze)直接(jie)排到海洋，通(tong)過(guo)這些對(dui)(dui)策，有(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)控制了(le)地下水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)鹽(yan)漬(zi)化(hua)傾(qing)向。Carollo中試試驗也(ye)確認所采(cai)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)藝(yi)流程可(ke)以(yi)(yi)有(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)氧化(hua)新興(xing)(xing)污染物(wu)。Carollo工(gong)程設計(ji)團(tuan)隊(dui)模(mo)(mo)擬評(ping)估了(le)深度再(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)直飲和再(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)經(jing)過(guo)自(zi)然環(huan)境緩(huan)沖(chong)再(zai)(zai)經(jing)過(guo)供水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)理廠(chang)處(chu)理兩個方案，發(fa)(fa)現(xian)前者綜合指標尤(you)其是衛(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)學指標的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安全性遠(yuan)優于(yu)后(hou)者，這也(ye)是最終決定(ding)開(kai)始(shi)建設的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要因素。越(yue)(yue)來越(yue)(yue)多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研究表明，再(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)在(zai)利(li)用工(gong)程中經(jing)過(guo)自(zi)然環(huan)境緩(huan)沖(chong)，除了(le)混合和儲存以(yi)(yi)外并沒有(you)(you)(you)明顯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)化(hua)學或(huo)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)學作(zuo)用，只是滿(man)足了(le)公眾心理緩(huan)沖(chong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需(xu)要。另一(yi)(yi)個較為清晰(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)評(ping)估是，現(xian)有(you)(you)(you)成熟技術(shu)裝備總體(ti)(ti)(ti)上已能保障污染物(wu)穩定(ding)去除，以(yi)(yi)滿(man)足各方向再(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)利(li)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需(xu)要，污水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)再(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)利(li)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最大風險來自(zi)于(yu)操作(zuo)層面，包括質量(liang)監(jian)測偏差、運行操作(zuo)不(bu)當乃至錯接(jie)漏接(jie)等(deng)(deng)運維失誤等(deng)(deng)方面，而這些不(bu)足可(ke)以(yi)(yi)通(tong)過(guo)規范管(guan)理予(yu)以(yi)(yi)糾(jiu)正。

3.3 健(jian)全有力(li)的行業政(zheng)策

污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)資源(yuan)(yuan)化涉(she)(she)(she)及多(duo)(duo)行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)多(duo)(duo)部門(men)，與(yu)社會公眾(zhong)利(li)益息(xi)息(xi)相關(guan)，制定(ding)并施行(xing)(xing)有力的(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策是(shi)(shi)關(guan)鍵。美(mei)國二十年前就制定(ding)了(le)財政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)補(bu)(bu)貼政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策，對西部14個缺水(shui)(shui)(shui)州的(de)(de)污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)再(zai)(zai)(zai)生利(li)用(yong)項目(mu)，聯邦政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府補(bu)(bu)貼25%的(de)(de)建設費用(yong)。正(zheng)在開展的(de)(de)國家水(shui)(shui)(shui)回用(yong)行(xing)(xing)動計劃，所有涉(she)(she)(she)水(shui)(shui)(shui)部門(men)都(dou)是(shi)(shi)責任(ren)部門(men)，農業(ye)(ye)部、能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)部以及衛生部門(men)都(dou)支持再(zai)(zai)(zai)生利(li)用(yong)，農業(ye)(ye)部高度(du)支持農業(ye)(ye)灌溉(gai)利(li)用(yong)。截止目(mu)前，美(mei)國有40各州都(dou)制定(ding)了(le)鼓勵污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)再(zai)(zai)(zai)生利(li)用(yong)的(de)(de)相關(guan)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策。以色(se)列(lie)的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)務管(guan)理是(shi)(shi)“ONE WATER”體制，由(you)(you)國家水(shui)(shui)(shui)務部門(men)統(tong)一協調涉(she)(she)(she)水(shui)(shui)(shui)事務，所有水(shui)(shui)(shui)務投資由(you)(you)國家統(tong)一承擔(dan)。另外，以色(se)列(lie)制定(ding)了(le)鼓勵再(zai)(zai)(zai)生水(shui)(shui)(shui)農業(ye)(ye)灌溉(gai)利(li)用(yong)的(de)(de)價(jia)格政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策，一是(shi)(shi)提高傳統(tong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)資源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)用(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)價(jia)，二是(shi)(shi)降低再(zai)(zai)(zai)生水(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)價(jia)，達(da)不到(dao)深(shen)度(du)處(chu)理標準的(de)(de)再(zai)(zai)(zai)生水(shui)(shui)(shui)農業(ye)(ye)灌溉(gai)時一律免費，對達(da)到(dao)深(shen)度(du)處(chu)理標準的(de)(de)再(zai)(zai)(zai)生水(shui)(shui)(shui)象征(zheng)性(xing)收取少(shao)量水(shui)(shui)(shui)費。總之，行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策應(ying)是(shi)(shi)《全國水(shui)(shui)(shui)資源(yuan)(yuan)可持續(xu)循環利(li)用(yong)綜合規劃》重(zhong)要(yao)部分。

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