2018 年以來(lai)，為深入貫(guan)徹習近平生態(tai)文明思想和習近平總(zong)書記關(guan)于長(chang)江(jiang)(jiang)經濟帶(dai)發展重要(yao)講話(hua)精神，防(fang)范和化解(jie)長(chang)江(jiang)(jiang)經濟帶(dai)各工業園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)區(qu)(qu)工業廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)排放帶(dai)來(lai)的環境(jing)風(feng)險(xian)，生態(tai)環境(jing)部印(yin)發《長(chang)江(jiang)(jiang)保護修(xiu)復攻堅(jian)戰行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)動(dong)計劃》《長(chang)江(jiang)(jiang)經濟帶(dai)工業園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)區(qu)(qu)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)設(she)(she)施(shi)整(zheng)治專(zhuan)項(xiang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)動(dong)》和《長(chang)江(jiang)(jiang)經濟帶(dai)工業園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)區(qu)(qu)水(shui)(shui)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)整(zheng)治專(zhuan)項(xiang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)動(dong)》等(deng)(deng)(deng)，重點推(tui)動(dong)解(jie)決工業園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)區(qu)(qu)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)管網不(bu)完(wan)善(shan)，污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)集中處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)設(she)(she)施(shi)不(bu)能(neng)穩定達標(biao)運行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)等(deng)(deng)(deng)問題(ti)。針對(dui)依托(tuo)城(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)廠處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)工業廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)的園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)區(qu)(qu)數量(liang)較多，環境(jing)風(feng)險(xian)較大(da)等(deng)(deng)(deng)問題(ti)，要(yao)求(qiu)各有關(guan)地區(qu)(qu)應對(dui)工業園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)區(qu)(qu)依托(tuo)的城(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)設(she)(she)施(shi)運行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)情(qing)況、處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)效(xiao)果等(deng)(deng)(deng)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)評(ping)(ping)估(gu)，經評(ping)(ping)估(gu)不(bu)能(neng)排入城(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)設(she)(she)施(shi)的工業園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)區(qu)(qu)廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)，應限(xian)期退出或采(cai)取其他措施(shi)加以整(zheng)治。

園區(qu)依托城鎮污水處理廠處理工業廢水存在的問題(ti)

1.城鎮污水(shui)(shui)廠不掌握上游工業園(yuan)區污水(shui)(shui)排放(fang)底數

根據(ju)行(xing)業(ye)調研，絕大(da)(da)部分城鎮(zhen)(zhen)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)處理廠(chang)(chang)不掌(zhang)握相應園區(qu)的排放(fang)底數。城鎮(zhen)(zhen)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)處理廠(chang)(chang)一般為(wei)(wei)市、縣城建(jian)(jian)部門(men)組(zu)織(zhi)建(jian)(jian)設，非屬工(gong)業(ye)園區(qu)管理，很多工(gong)業(ye)園區(qu)為(wei)(wei)完成(cheng)“建(jian)(jian)成(cheng)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)集中處理設施”的任務，將工(gong)業(ye)廢水(shui)(shui)(shui)一托(tuo)了事(shi)。絕大(da)(da)多數城鎮(zhen)(zhen)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)處理廠(chang)(chang)運營方作為(wei)(wei)廢水(shui)(shui)(shui)接收方，解釋沒有(you)(you)“家底”是因為(wei)(wei)沒有(you)(you)相關職能，收納(na)工(gong)業(ye)廢水(shui)(shui)(shui)則是因為(wei)(wei)城鎮(zhen)(zhen)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量不足(zu)或(huo)管理部門(men)的硬性要求，對(dui)于工(gong)業(ye)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)帶(dai)來的影響缺乏有(you)(you)效(xiao)應對(dui)策略。

2.污(wu)水收集均采用混(hun)管輸(shu)送的模式，無(wu)法對其進行分質(zhi)處理

據了解，依托城鎮污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)理廠(chang)(chang)的工(gong)(gong)業(ye)園(yuan)(yuan)區(qu)中(zhong)不乏印染(ran)、化工(gong)(gong)等重(zhong)點(dian)行業(ye)園(yuan)(yuan)區(qu)。這些(xie)園(yuan)(yuan)區(qu)在收集廢(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)時，幾乎全部(bu)采用混(hun)管(guan)輸送(song)，最終與城鎮居民生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)網連接，并(bing)進(jin)入(ru)城鎮污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)理廠(chang)(chang)。生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)可(ke)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)化性好(hao)，水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)穩(wen)定(ding)，主(zhu)要(yao)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)物(wu)為 COD、氨氮(dan)、磷和(he)硝態氮(dan)等，毒(du)性或抑制菌(jun)種(zhong)活(huo)性類物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)含量(liang)(liang)較低(di)，排(pai)(pai)入(ru)城鎮污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)理廠(chang)(chang)后采用二級處(chu)(chu)理工(gong)(gong)藝即可(ke)滿足排(pai)(pai)放要(yao)求。工(gong)(gong)業(ye)廢(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)物(wu)成分復雜、可(ke)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)化性低(di)、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)抑制性強、水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)波動頻繁、氮(dan)磷濃(nong)度高、含鹽量(liang)(liang)大，進(jin)入(ru)城鎮污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)理廠(chang)(chang)后不但(dan)干擾其常規(gui)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)物(wu)削減能力，特征污(wu)(wu)染(ran)物(wu)也難(nan)以有效去除，極易(yi)導(dao)(dao)致排(pai)(pai)放超(chao)(chao)標。將生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)和(he)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)廢(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)混(hun)合輸送(song)，不但(dan)易(yi)稀釋有毒(du)物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，對水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)監測造成誤導(dao)(dao)，同時難(nan)以發現(xian)企業(ye)私設暗管(guan)、超(chao)(chao)標排(pai)(pai)放等違法行為，導(dao)(dao)致城鎮污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)廠(chang)(chang)在來水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)超(chao)(chao)標時難(nan)以溯源，增大了污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)理成本和(he)超(chao)(chao)標排(pai)(pai)放風險。

3.城鎮污水(shui)(shui)處理(li)廠工藝難以滿足部分工業(ye)污水(shui)(shui)處理(li)需求(qiu)

多(duo)年來，我國城鎮污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)廠已形成了(le)一(yi)套固定的(de)工(gong)(gong)藝路線，設計(ji)建設以格柵(zha)-沉砂池-生(sheng)化(hua)(hua)(hua)池-混(hun)凝沉淀等(deng)處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)單元(yuan)為主(zhu)，基本未配備工(gong)(gong)業污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)專(zhuan)用處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)單元(yuan)。而工(gong)(gong)業園(yuan)區(qu)(qu)中行(xing)業類型繁多(duo)，污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)性(xing)(xing)(xing)質(zhi)差(cha)異(yi)較(jiao)(jiao)大，如印染紡織類園(yuan)區(qu)(qu)工(gong)(gong)業廢水(shui)(shui)(shui)可(ke)生(sheng)化(hua)(hua)(hua)性(xing)(xing)(xing)較(jiao)(jiao)差(cha)、色(se)度(du)高(gao)，化(hua)(hua)(hua)工(gong)(gong)行(xing)業廢水(shui)(shui)(shui)氮磷(lin)濃度(du)高(gao)、毒(du)性(xing)(xing)(xing)大，冶金電鍍(du)類園(yuan)區(qu)(qu)污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)富含(han)重金屬、氰化(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)(wu)，食(shi)品(pin)加工(gong)(gong)類園(yuan)區(qu)(qu)污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)有機物(wu)(wu)濃度(du)高(gao)、含(han)油量(liang)大、懸浮物(wu)(wu)多(duo)等(deng)。這類污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)需要專(zhuan)門的(de)吸附、過(guo)濾、高(gao)級(ji)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)、混(hun)凝等(deng)物(wu)(wu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)方法與生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)厭氧(yang)(yang)、好氧(yang)(yang)相(xiang)(xiang)組合的(de)工(gong)(gong)藝才能實現有效處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)。此(ci)外，多(duo)數(shu)城鎮污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)廠未配備專(zhuan)用的(de)緩(huan)沖池/應急事故池級(ji)及(ji)相(xiang)(xiang)應的(de)監測設施，應對(dui)工(gong)(gong)業廢水(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)變化(hua)(hua)(hua)帶來的(de)沖擊能力較(jiao)(jiao)弱。

綜上，城(cheng)鎮污(wu)水(shui)廠(chang)受納工(gong)業(ye)(ye)園區工(gong)業(ye)(ye)廢水(shui)存(cun)在較大的(de)環(huan)境風險，由(you)此產生(sheng)的(de)問題近年(nian)來在各級(ji)環(huan)保(bao)督察中屢見不(bu)鮮，多起“治(zhi)污(wu)”變“制污(wu)”事(shi)件也被媒體廣泛(fan)報道。因此，優化(hua)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)園區污(wu)水(shui)收集(ji)輸送模式(shi)，并對所依托的(de)城(cheng)鎮污(wu)水(shui)廠(chang)進行(xing)改造，是降低(di)處(chu)理風險，實現穩定達標(biao)排放的(de)必要措施。

園區依托污(wu)水處理廠處理工業(ye)廢水相(xiang)關問題的解決(jue)策(ce)略

1.廢水收集及轉輸(shu)策略(lve)

水污染(ran)防治法提(ti)出，含(han)有(you)毒有(you)害水污染(ran)物的(de)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)廢水應(ying)當(dang)分類收集(ji)和處(chu)(chu)理， 不得(de)稀釋排放。因此(ci)，如園區中(zhong)存(cun)在化工(gong)(gong)、電鍍、印(yin)染(ran)、冶煉(lian)等重(zhong)點(dian)行(xing)(xing)業(ye)，應(ying)盡 量將這(zhe)些企(qi)業(ye)產生的(de)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)廢水輸送至(zhi)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)污水廠進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)處(chu)(chu)理，如園區未(wei)配套工(gong)(gong)業(ye)污 水處(chu)(chu)理廠，則應(ying)對這(zhe)些企(qi)業(ye)采用“一企(qi)一管(guan)”模式(shi)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)收集(ji)，主要管(guan)理策略如下：

01.加(jia)強分類收集，分質處理

我國工(gong)業園(yuan)區中工(gong)業類(lei)型(xing)繁多(duo)(duo)，各(ge)企(qi)(qi)業產品多(duo)(duo)樣，常涉(she)及(ji)多(duo)(duo)個車間和多(duo)(duo)段工(gong) 藝，各(ge)車間產生的污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)性質差異較大。因(yin)此，涉(she)及(ji)有毒物質和重金屬的企(qi)(qi)業應(ying)將(jiang) 不同類(lei)型(xing)的污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)分別進(jin)行收集和預處理，并(bing)通(tong)過(guo)一企(qi)(qi)一管的形式輸送(song)到(dao)污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)處理 廠進(jin)行處理，有條件的園(yuan)區可采用(yong)明管輸送(song)，避免(mian)(mian)污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)管線泄露污(wu)染環境。污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui) 處理廠也應(ying)對(dui)企(qi)(qi)業工(gong)業廢水(shui)(shui)(shui)進(jin)行分類(lei)管理，分質處理，避免(mian)(mian)“大鍋燴”。

02.強化水(shui)質監測，避免超(chao)標排放

為避免企業超(chao)標排(pai)放(fang)，需在企業排(pai)口安裝自動(dong)監(jian)控系統，便于環保部(bu)門和污(wu)水處理廠監(jian)測(ce)COD、氨(an)氮、總氮、總磷(lin)、流量等指(zhi)標，并可(ke)(ke)對超(chao)標水樣(yang)自動(dong)留樣(yang)和遠(yuan)程取樣(yang)，重點企業可(ke)(ke)增加特(te)征(zheng)污(wu)染(ran)物在線(xian)監(jian)測(ce)設備。當在線(xian)儀表檢測(ce)到(dao)出(chu)水指(zhi)標超(chao)過(guo)設定值或超(chao)過(guo)環評批復水量時，出(chu)口電動(dong)閥門自動(dong)關(guan)閉，將水回流到(dao)企業廢水池(chi)重新(xin)處理，確保企業無法外排(pai)超(chao)標污(wu)水。

03.優化企業工(gong)業廢水排放管控

針對工(gong)業(ye)廢水(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)復雜、水(shui)(shui)(shui)量變化大(da)的(de)特點，可加強科學(xue)管(guan)(guan)控優(you)化企業(ye)廢水(shui)(shui)(shui)排放：如根據(ju)各企業(ye)特點，逐一確定(ding)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)納管(guan)(guan)標準，保證(zheng)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)輸送管(guan)(guan)網排水(shui)(shui)(shui)安全，水(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)符合城鎮(zhen)(zhen)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)廠進水(shui)(shui)(shui)要(yao)求；同(tong)時(shi)，合理規(gui)劃主要(yao)涉水(shui)(shui)(shui)企業(ye)排水(shui)(shui)(shui)時(shi)間(jian)，制定(ding)“錯時(shi)排水(shui)(shui)(shui)”方(fang)案，平衡各時(shi)間(jian)段污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)(guan)網負荷，有效降低(di)對城鎮(zhen)(zhen)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)廠的(de)沖擊。

2.受納工(gong)業廢水的(de)城鎮污水處理廠改造策略

為強化城鎮污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)廠(chang)受納工(gong)業廢水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)管理，國(guo)家在(zai)相(xiang)關標(biao)準(zhun)中提出(chu)了明確要求。如《城鎮污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處理廠(chang)污(wu)染(ran)物(wu)排(pai)放標(biao)準(zhun)》（GB18918—2002）提出(chu)“排(pai)入(ru)城鎮污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)廠(chang)的工(gong)業廢水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)和醫院(yuan)廢水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)，應達(da)到GB8978《污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)綜合排(pai)放標(biao)準(zhun)》、相(xiang)關行(xing)業的國(guo)家排(pai)放標(biao)準(zhun)、地(di)方排(pai)放標(biao)準(zhun)的相(xiang)應限值要求”；《排(pai)污(wu)許可證申請與核發技術規范 水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處理（試行(xing)）》提出(chu)“嚴格(ge)限制含有毒有害(hai)污(wu)染(ran)物(wu)和重金屬的工(gong)業廢水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)進入(ru)城鎮污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)廠(chang)，對接納的工(gong)業廢水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)需滿足(zu)相(xiang)應的行(xing)業污(wu)染(ran)物(wu)排(pai)放標(biao)準(zhun)后方可與生活污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)進行(xing)混合處理”。

各工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)園(yuan)區(qu)在實際運行(xing)中，除各工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)應(ying)嚴格按有關(guan)要(yao)(yao)求對(dui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)廢水(shui)進行(xing)預(yu)處理(li)達到相關(guan)限(xian)值要(yao)(yao)求，特(te)別是避免有毒有害污染物進入城(cheng)鎮(zhen)污水(shui)處理(li)廠外，接收工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)園(yuan)區(qu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)廢水(shui)的(de)城(cheng)鎮(zhen)污水(shui)廠也應(ying)根(gen)據園(yuan)區(qu)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)污染物特(te)征，進行(xing)針對(dui)性(xing)的(de)改造，以(yi)應(ying)對(dui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)廢水(shui)對(dui)生物處理(li)系統的(de)沖擊風險。根(gen)據來水(shui)水(shui)質特(te)征，改造策略主要(yao)(yao)分以(yi)下3種情(qing)形：

01.工業(ye)企(qi)業(ye)預處理尾水各(ge)項污染物濃度可(ke)穩定(ding)達到(dao)直排指標

工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)園(yuan)區(qu)內各企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)規(gui)(gui)(gui)范、技術能力較(jiao)(jiao)強，產生的(de)廢水(shui)(shui)(shui)經(jing)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)端(duan)(duan)預處理(li)(li)(li)后，廢水(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)各項污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)物(wu)(wu)指(zhi)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)均達(da)到(dao)(dao)污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)綜(zong)合排(pai)(pai)放(fang)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)中(zhong)直接(jie)排(pai)(pai)放(fang)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)、地方性直接(jie)排(pai)(pai)放(fang)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)或行業(ye)(ye)(ye)直接(jie)排(pai)(pai)放(fang)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)后，接(jie)入城(cheng)鎮(zhen)污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)處理(li)(li)(li)廠。在此(ci)情形中(zhong)，工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)廢水(shui)(shui)(shui)污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)物(wu)(wu)濃度(du)基本(ben)已達(da)到(dao)(dao)直排(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)平，城(cheng)鎮(zhen)污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)處理(li)(li)(li)廠的(de)常規(gui)(gui)(gui)處理(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)處理(li)(li)(li)效能較(jiao)(jiao)低，排(pai)(pai)入廢水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)大反(fan)而會稀釋生物(wu)(wu)池(chi)(chi)(chi)中(zhong)的(de)污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)，不利(li)于系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)運行。對(dui)于無(wu)需處理(li)(li)(li)即(ji)可達(da)到(dao)(dao)排(pai)(pai)放(fang)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)的(de)，則(ze)(ze)應(ying)在所(suo)依托的(de)城(cheng)鎮(zhen)污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)處理(li)(li)(li)廠內獨(du)立設(she)(she)置(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)監測(ce)池(chi)(chi)(chi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)及事故(gu)池(chi)(chi)(chi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)園(yuan)區(qu)尾(wei)(wei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)首先進入在線(xian)水(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)監測(ce)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，如(ru)水(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)全面(mian)達(da)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)，則(ze)(ze)尾(wei)(wei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)接(jie)入排(pai)(pai)放(fang)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)；如(ru)進水(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)超標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)，則(ze)(ze)由監測(ce)池(chi)(chi)(chi)轉輸至(zhi)事故(gu)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，并停止(zhi)接(jie)納工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)園(yuan)區(qu)轉輸來水(shui)(shui)(shui)。對(dui)于部分特征(zheng)污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)物(wu)(wu)指(zhi)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)（即(ji)難以通過所(suo)依托城(cheng)鎮(zhen)污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)處理(li)(li)(li)廠常規(gui)(gui)(gui)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)有效削減的(de)污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)物(wu)(wu)）不能達(da)到(dao)(dao)城(cheng)鎮(zhen)污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)廠排(pai)(pai)放(fang)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)的(de)，則(ze)(ze)應(ying)獨(du)立設(she)(she)置(zhi)以削減該類污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)物(wu)(wu)為(wei)目標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)的(de)處理(li)(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，且在獨(du)立處理(li)(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)末端(duan)(duan)設(she)(she)置(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)監測(ce)池(chi)(chi)(chi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)及事故(gu)池(chi)(chi)(chi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，如(ru)水(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)全面(mian)達(da)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)，則(ze)(ze)尾(wei)(wei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)接(jie)入排(pai)(pai)放(fang)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)；如(ru)水(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)超標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)，則(ze)(ze)由監測(ce)池(chi)(chi)(chi)轉輸至(zhi)事故(gu)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，并停止(zhi)接(jie)納工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)園(yuan)區(qu)轉輸來水(shui)(shui)(shui)。（工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)路線(xian)見圖4-1）

02.污水可生化性較差或含抑(yi)制生物(wu)活性物(wu)質，可對城鎮污水處理廠造成沖擊

調研時發現(xian)，很多園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)區企(qi)業(ye)(ye)預(yu)(yu)處理工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)重(zhong)點針對廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)中(zhong)可(ke)生化(hua)性(xing)(xing)較好的污染物，但(dan)對特征(zheng)污染物去除效果較差(cha)。這些(xie)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)尾(wei)水(shui)(shui)可(ke)生化(hua)性(xing)(xing)較低(di)，有的還(huan)含有生物活性(xing)(xing)抑制類污染物，甚至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)可(ke)能(neng)(neng)含有難以(yi)通過常規(gui)生化(hua)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)有效削減的毒性(xing)(xing)污染物。對于此(ci)類廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)，不僅常規(gui)處理工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)處理效能(neng)(neng)較低(di)，且極(ji)易對處理系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)造成嚴重(zhong)干擾。因此(ci)，應(ying)(ying)(ying)獨(du)(du)立(li)設(she)置(zhi)以(yi)削減目(mu)標(biao)污染物、降低(di)抑制性(xing)(xing)、提高可(ke)生化(hua)性(xing)(xing)為(wei)目(mu)標(biao)的處理系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。在上游存(cun)在如上企(qi)業(ye)(ye)時，城鎮(zhen)污水(shui)(shui)處理廠應(ying)(ying)(ying)補齊應(ying)(ying)(ying)急設(she)施，獨(du)(du)立(li)設(she)置(zhi)水(shui)(shui)質水(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)監(jian)測(ce)池(chi)(chi)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)及事故（應(ying)(ying)(ying)急）池(chi)(chi)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)并(bing)常備(bei)應(ying)(ying)(ying)急物料。工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)區工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)首先進入在線水(shui)(shui)質水(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)監(jian)測(ce)池(chi)(chi)，如水(shui)(shui)質達到收納(na)標(biao)準，則(ze)接入獨(du)(du)立(li)處理系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)進行處置(zhi)；如進水(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)質超(chao)過收納(na)標(biao)準，則(ze)由監(jian)測(ce)池(chi)(chi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)輸(shu)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事故池(chi)(chi)，并(bing)停(ting)止(zhi)接納(na)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)區轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)輸(shu)來(lai)水(shui)(shui)。廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)經獨(du)(du)立(li)處理系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)（全(quan)流程或強化(hua)預(yu)(yu)處理）處理后(hou)，需在末端再次設(she)置(zhi)水(shui)(shui)質水(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)監(jian)測(ce)池(chi)(chi)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。如水(shui)(shui)質全(quan)面達標(biao)，則(ze)尾(wei)水(shui)(shui)接入排放系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)；如水(shui)(shui)質超(chao)標(biao)，則(ze)由監(jian)測(ce)池(chi)(chi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)輸(shu)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事故池(chi)(chi)，并(bing)停(ting)止(zhi)接納(na)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)區轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)輸(shu)來(lai)水(shui)(shui)。（工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)流程見圖4-2）

03.工業廢(fei)水可生化性較好(hao)，可與生活污(wu)水混合處理

園(yuan)區(qu)企業(ye)預處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)后，廢水(shui)(shui)(shui)中各項污(wu)染(ran)物(wu)指(zhi)標均達到間接排放標準，廢水(shui)(shui)(shui)可(ke)生化性(xing)良好，難(nan)降(jiang)解或抑制性(xing)污(wu)染(ran)物(wu)含量(liang)低。城(cheng)鎮污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)廠(chang)的常規處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)工(gong)藝對此類(lei)廢水(shui)(shui)(shui)具有較(jiao)好的處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)能力，系(xi)(xi)統(tong)基(ji)本(ben)可(ke)以(yi)保證(zheng)穩(wen)定運行。在此情形(xing)下，城(cheng)鎮污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)廠(chang)不必單(dan)獨(du)增加處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)單(dan)元，但應獨(du)立設置水(shui)(shui)(shui)質水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)監(jian)測池(chi)(chi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)及事故池(chi)(chi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)。工(gong)業(ye)園(yuan)區(qu)尾水(shui)(shui)(shui)首先進(jin)入在線水(shui)(shui)(shui)質水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)監(jian)測池(chi)(chi)，如水(shui)(shui)(shui)質達到收(shou)納(na)(na)標準，則(ze)接入與生活污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)混合(he)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)；如進(jin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)質超過收(shou)納(na)(na)標準，則(ze)由監(jian)測池(chi)(chi)轉(zhuan)輸(shu)至事故池(chi)(chi)，并停止收(shou)納(na)(na)工(gong)業(ye)園(yuan)區(qu)轉(zhuan)輸(shu)來水(shui)(shui)(shui)。（工(gong)藝流程見(jian)圖4-3）

3.工業園區(qu)依托(tuo)城鎮污水(shui)廠處(chu)理工業園區(qu)廢水(shui)可(ke)行性評估策略

為提升(sheng)對(dui)受(shou)納工(gong)業(ye)園區(qu)工(gong)業(ye)廢水(shui)的城鎮(zhen)污水(shui)處理(li)(li)廠的精(jing)細化管理(li)(li)水(shui)平，需找準工(gong)業(ye)廢水(shui)處理(li)(li)的關鍵環(huan)節，制(zhi)定(ding)一套科學的評價(jia)指標體系(xi)，并據此逐項(xiang)進行調(diao)研評估，形成評價(jia)意見，確定(ding)該(gai)城鎮(zhen)污水(shui)廠的環(huan)境風險。

01.評估方法

找準影(ying)響工業廢(fei)水處(chu)理實(shi)現(xian)穩定達標(biao)排放的因(yin)素，建立(li)一套包括技(ji)術性(xing)能、經(jing)濟性(xing)能、環境影(ying)響性(xing)能和(he)操作管理性(xing)能4個準則的污(wu)染(ran)物末(mo)端水處(chu)理評價因(yin)子；其次，根據(ju)各地區生態環境特點和(he)污(wu)染(ran)防治政策要求(qiu)確定污(wu)染(ran)物末(mo)端水處(chu)理技(ji)術評估指標(biao)體(ti)系(xi)的權重；最后(hou)，通過專家(jia)對文(wen)檔和(he)現(xian)場的調研評估，形(xing)成(cheng)評價結論(lun)。

02.評(ping)價指標的(de)選(xuan)取

結合廢水(shui)水(shui)質特征及(ji)工業(ye)污水(shui)處(chu)理(li)處(chu)理(li)行業(ye)的(de)關鍵技術環節，該評估(gu)體(ti)系分為三(san)級：

一(yi)級(ji)(ji)(ji)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)標(biao)(biao)4個(ge)(ge)：分(fen)別是(shi)技(ji)術性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)、經濟性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)、影響(xiang)(xiang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)和(he)運(yun)管(guan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)。二(er)級(ji)(ji)(ji)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)標(biao)(biao)10個(ge)(ge)：一(yi)是(shi)技(ji)術性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)標(biao)(biao)下設(she)(she)工藝(yi)先(xian)進(jin)性(xing)(xing)(xing)、工藝(yi)成(cheng)熟性(xing)(xing)(xing)、工藝(yi)穩定性(xing)(xing)(xing)3個(ge)(ge)二(er)級(ji)(ji)(ji)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)標(biao)(biao)；二(er)是(shi)經濟性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)標(biao)(biao)下設(she)(she)建設(she)(she)費用(yong)、運(yun)行費用(yong)、占(zhan)地(di)面積3個(ge)(ge)二(er)級(ji)(ji)(ji)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)標(biao)(biao)，其中重(zhong)(zhong)點考(kao)慮(lv)運(yun)行費用(yong)；三是(shi)影響(xiang)(xiang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)標(biao)(biao)下設(she)(she)受環境影響(xiang)(xiang)和(he)對環境影響(xiang)(xiang)2個(ge)(ge)二(er)級(ji)(ji)(ji)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)標(biao)(biao)，其中重(zhong)(zhong)點考(kao)慮(lv)受環境的影響(xiang)(xiang)；四(si)是(shi)運(yun)管(guan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)標(biao)(biao)下設(she)(she)運(yun)維人員、設(she)(she)施運(yun)行2個(ge)(ge)二(er)級(ji)(ji)(ji)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)標(biao)(biao)。三級(ji)(ji)(ji)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)標(biao)(biao)28個(ge)(ge)：其中重(zhong)(zhong)點考(kao)慮(lv)一(yi)企一(yi)管(guan)設(she)(she)置情況(kuang)、企業(ye)事故池應急處(chu)理能(neng)(neng)力、預處(chu)理和(he)尾水(shui)(shui)應急處(chu)理能(neng)(neng)力、生物(wu)毒(du)性(xing)(xing)(xing)、進(jin)水(shui)(shui)特征污(wu)染物(wu)占(zhan)標(biao)(biao)率等指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)標(biao)(biao)，如表 4-1所示。

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