2018年全國環(huan)境保護工作會議(yi)提出，加(jia)快水(shui)(shui)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，全面落實《水(shui)(shui)十(shi)條》重點任務，對水(shui)(shui)環(huan)境問(wen)題(ti)突出和《水(shui)(shui)十(shi)條》落實滯(zhi)后地(di)區開展專項督導(dao)。當前，我國水(shui)(shui)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)堅持(chi)精(jing)準治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)、科學(xue)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)，但精(jing)細(xi)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)還未引(yin)起足夠重視(shi)。結(jie)合德國考察了解(jie)到的經驗，得出三方面精(jing)細(xi)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)的啟示。

啟示(shi)一，河流內源治(zhi)理要精工細(xi)作。目(mu)前(qian)，在黑臭(chou)河(he)(he)(he)治(zhi)理(li)及(ji)消(xiao)(xiao)除劣V類水(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)等(deng)工(gong)作中，有的(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)方對(dui)于要整(zheng)治(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)河(he)(he)(he)道(dao)(dao)(dao)，無(wu)(wu)論清(qing)(qing)淤(yu)還是截(jie)(jie)污控污，往往喜(xi)歡翻箱倒柜、做(zuo)大手術(shu)，轟轟烈(lie)烈(lie)地(di)(di)把(ba)河(he)(he)(he)道(dao)(dao)(dao)翻個底(di)兒朝天。如(ru)此(ci)做(zuo)法，或許讓清(qing)(qing)淤(yu)或截(jie)(jie)污更(geng)徹(che)底(di)，但同(tong)樣也(ye)會(hui)(hui)(hui)嚴重破壞河(he)(he)(he)道(dao)(dao)(dao)內原(yuan)有的(de)(de)(de)或者僅(jin)存的(de)(de)(de)動植(zhi)物水(shui)(shui)(shui)生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)系統(tong)(tong)，導致(zhi)幾(ji)(ji)年甚至(zhi)幾(ji)(ji)十年都難以恢復。德(de)國在河(he)(he)(he)道(dao)(dao)(dao)整(zheng)治(zhi)中始終遵(zun)循河(he)(he)(he)流(liu)(liu)自然規律(lv)，河(he)(he)(he)道(dao)(dao)(dao)治(zhi)理(li)前(qian)往往先(xian)對(dui)河(he)(he)(he)流(liu)(liu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)系統(tong)(tong)進行充分調查后，才會(hui)(hui)(hui)對(dui)癥施策(ce)。比(bi)如(ru)河(he)(he)(he)道(dao)(dao)(dao)清(qing)(qing)淤(yu)，雖然德(de)國人(ren)力(li)成本很高，但他(ta)們依(yi)然盡(jin)量選(xuan)擇(ze)人(ren)工(gong)清(qing)(qing)淤(yu)，因為機械清(qing)(qing)淤(yu)會(hui)(hui)(hui)碾壓損(sun)害河(he)(he)(he)岸生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)。而且，清(qing)(qing)淤(yu)時，他(ta)們通常拒(ju)絕徹(che)底(di)挖走底(di)泥，尤(you)其是水(shui)(shui)(shui)生(sheng)動植(zhi)物豐富的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)域。如(ru)果清(qing)(qing)淤(yu)過于徹(che)底(di)，無(wu)(wu)疑會(hui)(hui)(hui)把(ba)這些水(shui)(shui)(shui)生(sheng)動植(zhi)物也(ye)清(qing)(qing)理(li)出去，以至(zhi)于等(deng)到河(he)(he)(he)道(dao)(dao)(dao)整(zheng)治(zhi)完成了(le)(le)，這條河(he)(he)(he)流(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)(de)自凈能力(li)也(ye)消(xiao)(xiao)失殆盡(jin)。因此(ci)，德(de)國人(ren)選(xuan)擇(ze)對(dui)半面河(he)(he)(he)道(dao)(dao)(dao)實(shi)施清(qing)(qing)淤(yu)，過幾(ji)(ji)年等(deng)已清(qing)(qing)淤(yu)的(de)(de)(de)河(he)(he)(he)床水(shui)(shui)(shui)生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)系統(tong)(tong)恢復了(le)(le)，再(zai)對(dui)另一面河(he)(he)(he)道(dao)(dao)(dao)清(qing)(qing)淤(yu)，如(ru)此(ci)一來，可確保(bao)河(he)(he)(he)流(liu)(liu)生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)系統(tong)(tong)總體(ti)保(bao)持穩定(ding)。

啟示二(er)，農(nong)業面源治理要精打細算。農業(ye)面(mian)源污染(ran)是我國地表徑流(liu)的(de)主(zhu)要(yao)污染(ran)源之一，在德(de)國也是如此(ci)，其農業(ye)面(mian)源污染(ran)貢獻率占(zhan)比超過六(liu)成(cheng)。加強農業(ye)面(mian)源污染(ran)治(zhi)(zhi)理，我國采取了限制和(he)壓縮化肥(fei)、農藥使用量(liang)，實(shi)施土地耕(geng)作(zuo)輪(lun)休(xiu)等(deng)做法(fa)，但(dan)在具體實(shi)施過程中不具體、實(shi)際操(cao)作(zuo)性缺乏等(deng)問(wen)題依然較為(wei)突出。在德(de)國，除了這些方法(fa)外(wai)，還實(shi)施了更多更具體細致且(qie)切實(shi)可(ke)行的(de)治(zhi)(zhi)污措施。比如，為(wei)防治(zhi)(zhi)河(he)流(liu)近岸污染(ran)，德(de)國規定，沿岸5米范圍內或者斜度超過20度岸坡不

得(de)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)田，冬(dong)季休耕期(qi)、雨天均不得(de)開展施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)作(zuo)業，防(fang)止化(hua)肥(fei)尚未(wei)被(bei)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)作(zuo)物吸收就已流失到周邊河湖水體(ti)(ti)中。又如(ru)，化(hua)肥(fei)和(he)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)管(guan)控到戶(hu)(hu)，為(wei)(wei)每(mei)家農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)戶(hu)(hu)量身(shen)定制(zhi)施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)規(gui)劃，按照統(tong)一供(gong)給的(de)方式(shi)配送一定數量和(he)種類的(de)化(hua)肥(fei)、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)。德(de)國(guo)鼓勵農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)戶(hu)(hu)使(shi)用(yong)綠色(se)糞(fen)肥(fei)，但對糞(fen)肥(fei)的(de)使(shi)用(yong)量、使(shi)用(yong)區域和(he)使(shi)用(yong)時(shi)段也同樣(yang)做出(chu)了明確規(gui)定。再如(ru)，為(wei)(wei)防(fang)止農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)戶(hu)(hu)無序使(shi)用(yong)肥(fei)料，農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業管(guan)理(li)部門每(mei)年對農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)戶(hu)(hu)土(tu)壤進行(xing)抽測，土(tu)壤超過營養化(hua)標準要求的(de)，政府(fu)拒絕發放獎勵金。鑒于此，筆(bi)者(zhe)認(ren)為(wei)(wei)，農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業面源污染是我國(guo)水環(huan)境治理(li)主要矛盾(dun)之一，因此，應把更(geng)(geng)多精力投(tou)入到農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業面源管(guan)理(li)中，借鑒德(de)國(guo)有關做法，研究和(he)出(chu)臺更(geng)(geng)多更(geng)(geng)有效的(de)防(fang)治措施(shi)(shi)。

啟示(shi)三(san)，污水(shui)(shui)管網管理要滴水(shui)(shui)不漏(lou)。當前(qian)，各(ge)地都很重視環境基礎設(she)施(shi)建(jian)(jian)設(she)，污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)公(gong)里數每年都在(zai)持續(xu)增加，但(dan)已建(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)缺失問題卻逐漸凸顯。據報(bao)道，某(mou)縣(xian)級市對(dui)中心城(cheng)區污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)普查，竟發現(xian)(xian)萬余個混(hun)(hun)接(jie)(jie)漏(lou)接(jie)(jie)點(dian)，以至于城(cheng)鎮污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)COD指(zhi)標進水(shui)(shui)濃度僅(jin)在(zai)100毫(hao)克/升(sheng)左(zuo)右。由(you)此(ci)(ci)可見，大量生(sheng)活污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)已流入(ru)外環境，而(er)混(hun)(hun)入(ru)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)無疑是(shi)(shi)河(he)水(shui)(shui)。德國(guo)對(dui)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)建(jian)(jian)設(she)的(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)體(ti)系相(xiang)對(dui)成(cheng)熟，建(jian)(jian)設(she)時，要(yao)求管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)材質(zhi)的(de)(de)使用壽命(ming)必(bi)須達到80年以上(shang)。在(zai)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)日常運(yun)行中，他們(men)堅持制度化(hua)維護管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)，每個污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)均配備若干(gan)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)員(yuan)，管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)員(yuan)每天巡查管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)各(ge)節點(dian)，查看干(gan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)是(shi)(shi)否(fou)存在(zai)明顯異常。此(ci)(ci)外，他們(men)還要(yao)定(ding)期通過技術手段，對(dui)干(gan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)和(he)支(zhi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)系統進行體(ti)檢，發現(xian)(xian)跑(pao)冒滴漏(lou)現(xian)(xian)象立即采取措施(shi)，滴水(shui)(shui)不漏(lou)已是(shi)(shi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)員(yuan)的(de)(de)職責要(yao)求和(he)工作標準。對(dui)此(ci)(ci)，筆(bi)者認為，污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)不能重建(jian)(jian)輕(qing)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)，不僅(jin)要(yao)實(shi)現(xian)(xian)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)建(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)統一，而(er)且要(yao)將(jiang)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)與污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)檢修運(yun)維相(xiang)統一，將(jiang)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)納入(ru)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)范疇(chou)。建(jian)(jian)議參照德國(guo)做法，出臺相(xiang)關規定(ding)或技術規范，明確污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)員(yuan)配備數量、工作職責、考核內容等，切(qie)實(shi)把污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)起來，確保匯入(ru)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)每滴污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)都能流入(ru)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)初沉池(chi)。