村(cun)(cun)鎮(zhen)污(wu)水的排放(fang)(fang)特(te)征差異很大，對污(wu)水處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)技(ji)術的要求(qiu)也不盡相同，因(yin)此，迫切需(xu)要出臺有關村(cun)(cun)鎮(zhen)污(wu)水排放(fang)(fang)標準及(ji)(ji)監(jian)管(guan)政策，完善村(cun)(cun)鎮(zhen)污(wu)水處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)設施建(jian)設標準，根據各地區(qu)特(te)點(dian)，綜(zong)合(he)考慮經濟發展與(yu)(yu)(yu)環境保(bao)護、污(wu)水排放(fang)(fang)與(yu)(yu)(yu)利用(yong)等關系，因(yin)地制宜地制定(ding)和(he)實施相關的建(jian)設和(he)運行管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)標準。解決直接套用(yong)城(cheng)市及(ji)(ji)行業污(wu)水處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)技(ji)術、設計(ji)施工(gong)與(yu)(yu)(yu)運行管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)脫節的問題。

“十二(er)五”期間，我國(guo)城(cheng)鎮(zhen)(zhen)生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)設施處(chu)理(li)能力達到1.83億m3/d，城(cheng)市污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)處(chu)理(li)率達到92%，已(yi)接(jie)(jie)近發(fa)達國(guo)家水(shui)(shui)平(ping)。但是，村鎮(zhen)(zhen)污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)相(xiang)對滯后(hou)，大量村鎮(zhen)(zhen)生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)未經(jing)處(chu)理(li)直接(jie)(jie)排放，導致農(nong)村的環(huan)境、水(shui)(shui)體(ti)、土壤污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)日益嚴重。黨的十九大報(bao)告指出，加快水(shui)(shui)污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，開展農(nong)村人居環(huan)境整治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)行動;國(guo)民經(jing)濟和社會(hui)發(fa)展“第十三個五年規(gui)劃綱要”提出，實(shi)現城(cheng)鎮(zhen)(zhen)生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)處(chu)理(li)設施全覆蓋和穩(wen)定達標(biao)運行，梯次推進農(nong)村生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)，另外，2013~2017年中央一號文件、國(guo)務(wu)院(yuan)印發(fa)的《水(shui)(shui)污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)行動計劃》《土壤污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)行動計劃》《國(guo)務(wu)院(yuan)辦(ban)公廳關于改善農(nong)村人居環(huan)境的指導意見》等都提出具(ju)體(ti)要求。

推(tui)進村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)鎮生(sheng)活污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)治(zhi)理(li)(li)，需(xu)建立(li)符合村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)鎮實際(ji)的污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)治(zhi)理(li)(li)體系(xi)，建立(li)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)鎮污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)治(zhi)理(li)(li)技(ji)(ji)術、建設(she)(she)、運營(ying)體制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)鎮生(sheng)活污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)治(zhi)理(li)(li)技(ji)(ji)術標(biao)準(zhun)體系(xi)是(shi)其(qi)中(zhong)重要部分。然而(er)我(wo)國(guo)幅員(yuan)遼闊，自然、經濟社會區(qu)域差異顯(xian)著(zhu)，村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)、鎮類型眾多，生(sheng)活污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質和排(pai)放(fang)規律(lv)、治(zhi)理(li)(li)模式(shi)、污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)收(shou)集、處理(li)(li)方式(shi)及排(pai)放(fang)要求(qiu)與(yu)城市不同，就(jiu)是(shi)同一地(di)區(qu)因人口、季(ji)節、時序等(deng)因素差異很大(da)，這就(jiu)對實地(di)調查、客觀(guan)規律(lv)把握、因地(di)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)宜選用技(ji)(ji)術、創(chuang)新建設(she)(she)運行方式(shi)等(deng)提出更高(gao)要求(qiu)。但是(shi)，在實際(ji)工程建設(she)(she)中(zhong)，套用城市相(xiang)關(guan)標(biao)準(zhun)及技(ji)(ji)術模式(shi)的現象多見。當前，迫切需(xu)要盡(jin)快(kuai)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)定和完善我(wo)國(guo)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)鎮污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)治(zhi)理(li)(li)技(ji)(ji)術標(biao)準(zhun)體系(xi)，指導各(ge)地(di)因地(di)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)宜地(di)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)定和實施相(xiang)關(guan)的建設(she)(she)、運行、管(guan)理(li)(li)標(biao)準(zhun)，引(yin)導、規范和推(tui)動村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)鎮水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)務行業企業發展(zhan)。根據各(ge)地(di)區(qu)特點，綜合考慮經濟發展(zhan)與(yu)環境保護、污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)排(pai)放(fang)與(yu)利(li)用等(deng)關(guan)系(xi)，建立(li)相(xiang)應(ying)的村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)鎮污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)污(wu)染物排(pai)放(fang)標(biao)準(zhun)或要求(qiu)體系(xi)。

1村鎮生活(huo)污水處理現狀(zhuang)及(ji)相關(guan)標(biao)準

1.1村鎮生活污水(shui)處(chu)理(li)現狀及主要問題

村(cun)鎮污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)在我國(guo)剛剛起步，污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)設(she)(she)施(shi)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)落后于(yu)經濟(ji)發展的(de)速度(du)。截(jie)至(zhi)2016年(nian)底(di)，全(quan)國(guo)對生(sheng)活(huo)污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)進行(xing)(xing)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)的(de)建(jian)(jian)制鎮比例(li)為(wei)52.64%，也就是(shi)說全(quan)國(guo)有18 099個(ge)建(jian)(jian)制鎮，其中13 028個(ge)沒有污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)設(she)(she)施(shi)，同時已(yi)建(jian)(jian)成(cheng)的(de)污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)設(she)(she)施(shi)不(bu)到(dao)一半尚(shang)可(ke)正常運(yun)行(xing)(xing);對生(sheng)活(huo)污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)進行(xing)(xing)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)的(de)行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)村(cun)占20%。仍有大(da)(da)量地(di)區(qu)(qu)的(de)農村(cun)污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)設(she)(she)施(shi)處(chu)(chu)于(yu)空白。圖1表明各省市(shi)行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)村(cun)污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)設(she)(she)施(shi)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)情況(kuang)，地(di)區(qu)(qu)差異(yi)較(jiao)(jiao)為(wei)明顯。上海、江蘇、浙江、山東(dong)等省市(shi)建(jian)(jian)制鎮污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)率(lv)較(jiao)(jiao)高的(de)地(di)區(qu)(qu)可(ke)達(da)到(dao)89.18%，行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)村(cun)比例(li)達(da)到(dao)64%、44%、84%和18%，西北、東(dong)北地(di)區(qu)(qu)僅為(wei)0.01%~25.7%。考慮到(dao)農村(cun)污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)費(fei)用巨(ju)大(da)(da)、農村(cun)管理(li)(li)能力不(bu)足等因素，參照國(guo)外(wai)發達(da)國(guo)家治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)歷(li)程，全(quan)面實現農村(cun)污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)還需較(jiao)(jiao)長時間努力。當前，在大(da)(da)幅度(du)提(ti)高建(jian)(jian)制鎮污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)率(lv)基礎上，重點推動經濟(ji)發達(da)地(di)區(qu)(qu)、生(sheng)態環境敏感(gan)、人口(kou)密(mi)集等地(di)區(qu)(qu)農村(cun)污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)，梯次推進農村(cun)生(sheng)活(huo)污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)。

村(cun)鎮污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)從(cong)宏觀來看總量很(hen)大(da)，但作為村(cun)莊(zhuang)或農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)戶(hu)個體(ti)而言(yan)，水(shui)(shui)(shui)量又較(jiao)小，日變化很(hen)大(da)。污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)質和(he)排放的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規律與(yu)(yu)城(cheng)市有(you)很(hen)大(da)不(bu)同，加上農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)術(shu)經(jing)濟條(tiao)件限(xian)(xian)制，造(zao)成農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)水(shui)(shui)(shui)污(wu)(wu)(wu)染治理有(you)很(hen)多與(yu)(yu)城(cheng)市污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)治理不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地方。首先，我(wo)國(guo)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)人(ren)口(kou)居住分散，散戶(hu)、聯(lian)戶(hu)及自然村(cun)占(zhan)很(hen)大(da)比例，受自然條(tiao)件限(xian)(xian)制，難以統(tong)一(yi)收集(ji)后集(ji)中處(chu)理，適合采用就(jiu)地處(chu)理;其次，農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)技(ji)術(shu)薄弱(ruo)，經(jing)濟承載力較(jiao)弱(ruo);第(di)三，由于我(wo)國(guo)不(bu)同地區的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)差(cha)異性較(jiao)大(da)，造(zao)成不(bu)同區域與(yu)(yu)環(huan)境條(tiao)件導(dao)致各地農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)排放特征(zheng)差(cha)異很(hen)大(da)，對污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)理技(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要求(qiu)也(ye)不(bu)盡相同;第(di)四(si)，我(wo)國(guo)有(you)糞(fen)便還田(tian)傳統(tong)，促(cu)進農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)，從(cong)而延(yan)續中華文明。生活(huo)污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)中氮磷等營(ying)(ying)養(yang)元素在(zai)城(cheng)市，是(shi)河(he)道水(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)富營(ying)(ying)養(yang)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)因素，但對大(da)多數農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)卻是(shi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業作物(wu)所需(xu)。針對農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)特點與(yu)(yu)經(jing)濟承受能力，健全公(gong)平、規范和(he)高效的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)治理的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)法規與(yu)(yu)標準體(ti)系，建立(li)適合農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)污(wu)(wu)(wu)染物(wu)排放標準或要求(qiu)。對于保障農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)治理工作的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)效開展(zhan)(zhan)，建立(li)長效運(yun)營(ying)(ying)與(yu)(yu)有(you)效監督(du)機(ji)制，實(shi)現我(wo)國(guo)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)理技(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可持續發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)具有(you)重(zhong)要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用。

因此，當前(qian)迫切需(xu)要培育(yu)面向村(cun)鎮污(wu)(wu)水(shui)治(zhi)理(li)的產(chan)業(ye)力量，科(ke)學規劃與高效組織，引導行業(ye)的規模化(hua)、產(chan)業(ye)化(hua)與標準(zhun)(zhun)化(hua)發展。完(wan)善相關標準(zhun)(zhun)體系(xi)，逐步建立有效監督機(ji)制(zhi),成新型的適(shi)合(he)農村(cun)的污(wu)(wu)水(shui)處理(li)與管理(li)模式(shi)，使村(cun)鎮污(wu)(wu)水(shui)處理(li)技(ji)術(shu)與產(chan)業(ye)新市場村(cun)鎮污(wu)(wu)水(shui)治(zhi)理(li)逐漸規范化(hua)發展。

1.2村(cun)鎮生活污水(shui)處理排放(fang)標準

目前村鎮(zhen)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)排(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)主(zhu)要依據《污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)綜合排(pai)(pai)放(fang)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)》(GB 8978-1996)、《城(cheng)鎮(zhen)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)廠(chang)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染物(wu)排(pai)(pai)放(fang)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)》(GB 18918—2002)的規(gui)定(ding)以及《小城(cheng)鎮(zhen)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)程建(jian)設(she)(she)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)》(建(jian)標(biao)148-2010)。建(jian)標(biao)148-2010中(zhong)將小城(cheng)鎮(zhen)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)程按建(jian)設(she)(she)規(gui)模(mo)劃分(fen)為：Ⅰ類(lei)(lei)：5 000~10 000 m3/d;Ⅱ類(lei)(lei)：3 000~5 000 m3/d;Ⅲ類(lei)(lei)：1 000~3 000 m3/d;Ⅳ類(lei)(lei)：1 000 m3/d以下。不同規(gui)模(mo)執(zhi)行(xing)不同的出水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質指標(biao)。其中(zhong)Ⅰ、Ⅱ類(lei)(lei)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)廠(chang)執(zhi)行(xing)GB18918中(zhong)的一(yi)級(ji)(ji)A標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)，Ⅲ、Ⅳ類(lei)(lei)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)廠(chang)執(zhi)行(xing)GB18918中(zhong)的三(san)級(ji)(ji)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)。但(dan)是，在(zai)實際工(gong)(gong)程設(she)(she)計(ji)中(zhong)，設(she)(she)計(ji)出水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質指標(biao)要求(qiu)偏高。對全(quan)國809座建(jian)制鎮(zhen)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)廠(chang)調(diao)(diao)查表明，已建(jian)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)廠(chang)根據環(huan)評要求(qiu)確定(ding)的排(pai)(pai)放(fang)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)主(zhu)要執(zhi)行(xing)《城(cheng)鎮(zhen)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)廠(chang)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染物(wu)排(pai)(pai)放(fang)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)》(GB 18918-2002)中(zhong)的一(yi)級(ji)(ji)B(56%)、一(yi)級(ji)(ji)A(36%)、二級(ji)(ji)(5%)和三(san)級(ji)(ji)(0.7%)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)，只(zhi)(zhi)有1.5%和0.2%分(fen)別(bie)執(zhi)行(xing)地方(fang)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)和《污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)綜合排(pai)(pai)放(fang)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)》(GB 8978-1996)。其中(zhong)有83%的Ⅳ類(lei)(lei)、46%的Ⅲ類(lei)(lei)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)廠(chang)按GB 18918-2002一(yi)級(ji)(ji)B出水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)設(she)(she)計(ji)，如圖2所示。對部(bu)分(fen)省市(shi)23 000余套農村污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)設(she)(she)施設(she)(she)計(ji)出水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)的調(diao)(diao)查表明，大部(bu)分(fen)村莊污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)設(she)(she)施執(zhi)行(xing)《城(cheng)鎮(zhen)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)廠(chang)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染物(wu)排(pai)(pai)放(fang)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)》(GB 18918—2002)一(yi)級(ji)(ji)B的規(gui)定(ding)，只(zhi)(zhi)有接(jie)近13%的設(she)(she)施出水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)依據農田灌溉水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(GB 5084-2005)(見圖3)。

由于(yu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)特征、技術經濟(ji)條件與(yu)城(cheng)鎮(zhen)(zhen)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)，污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)藝(yi)也存(cun)在很(hen)大差別，農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)執行(xing)(xing)城(cheng)鎮(zhen)(zhen)排(pai)(pai)放標(biao)準，這對農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)藝(yi)、設(she)計水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)平(ping)和運行(xing)(xing)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)平(ping)有很(hen)高的(de)(de)(de)要求(qiu)，是造成污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)設(she)施排(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)達(da)不(bu)到(dao)預期(qi)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)效果、污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)設(she)施無法(fa)正常運行(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)原因之一。因此，根(gen)據(ju)村(cun)莊污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)特征及排(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)去向，制定科學合理(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)目標(biao)是推進農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)作順利開展的(de)(de)(de)迫(po)切需求(qiu)。近(jin)幾(ji)年，我國不(bu)同(tong)(tong)地(di)(di)區已(yi)開展了大量農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)實(shi)踐(jian)，河北、江西、福建、寧夏、浙江等地(di)(di)也相繼頒布了各省農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)設(she)施排(pai)(pai)放標(biao)準。地(di)(di)方(fang)標(biao)準根(gen)據(ju)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)經濟(ji)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)平(ping)和受(shou)納水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)，提出應該參(can)照哪個標(biao)準執行(xing)(xing)，或者以(yi)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)物(wu)排(pai)(pai)放主要指標(biao)(COD、總氮、總磷)制定了新的(de)(de)(de)排(pai)(pai)放限值，幾(ji)級標(biao)準均(jun)低(di)于(yu)《城(cheng)鎮(zhen)(zhen)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)廠污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)物(wu)排(pai)(pai)放標(biao)準》同(tong)(tong)級限值。考慮農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)灌溉等回用目的(de)(de)(de)。

1.3處理技術相關規范

村鎮污水(shui)處(chu)(chu)理技術相關(guan)標(biao)準(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)制定，對規范整個(ge)行業的(de)(de)(de)技術發展起著(zhu)重(zhong)要作(zuo)(zuo)用。從2008年(nian)以來，住建和環保等部(bu)門相繼發布了一系列(lie)村鎮生活污水(shui)處(chu)(chu)理技術標(biao)準(zhun)指南指導建設(she)工作(zuo)(zuo)，如(ru)表(biao)1所示。以上標(biao)準(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)出臺對于規范管(guan)理村鎮污水(shui)處(chu)(chu)理設(she)施的(de)(de)(de)建設(she)起到(dao)了一定的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)用。

已有的(de)技術(shu)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)為(wei)村(cun)(cun)(cun)鎮(zhen)污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)處理(li)(li)設(she)(she)施(shi)適宜技術(shu)的(de)選擇(ze)提供了依據(ju)，但是從(cong)農村(cun)(cun)(cun)污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)處理(li)(li)設(she)(she)施(shi)建設(she)(she)、運行(xing)(xing)監管欠缺。造成設(she)(she)計中(zhong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)鎮(zhen)仍(reng)然應用(yong)技術(shu)套用(yong)城鎮(zhen)污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)處理(li)(li)技術(shu)模式;另一(yi)方(fang)面，也(ye)大量(liang)存在(zai)利用(yong)簡單工藝(yi)達到(dao)較高排(pai)放標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)的(de)工程案例。村(cun)(cun)(cun)鎮(zhen)污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)處理(li)(li)設(she)(she)施(shi)很多處于(yu)未運行(xing)(xing)的(de)狀態，或面臨未按設(she)(she)計標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)運行(xing)(xing)、出水(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)質不達標(biao)等(deng)問題(ti)。運管能力不足，長(chang)效(xiao)保障(zhang)欠缺使(shi)得已建污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)處理(li)(li)設(she)(she)施(shi)不能達到(dao)相應的(de)環境改善(shan)作用(yong)。如(ru)何保障(zhang)建設(she)(she)與(yu)后(hou)續運行(xing)(xing)的(de)質量(liang)是村(cun)(cun)(cun)鎮(zhen)污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)治理(li)(li)面臨的(de)重要難題(ti)。由(you)于(yu)沒有相應的(de)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)，村(cun)(cun)(cun)鎮(zhen)污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)處理(li)(li)設(she)(she)施(shi)的(de)長(chang)效(xiao)運行(xing)(xing)管理(li)(li)、質量(liang)監督(du)和(he)人員(yuan)培訓等(deng)都沒有很好地解(jie)決。

隨著農村(cun)(cun)生活(huo)污水(shui)(shui)處理(li)設(she)施(shi)數(shu)量(liang)迅(xun)速增加，亟需完善(shan)農村(cun)(cun)生活(huo)污水(shui)(shui)治理(li)的標準化監管體系以提(ti)升設(she)施(shi)治理(li)效果。對于農村(cun)(cun)污水(shui)(shui)處理(li)設(she)施(shi)的維(wei)(wei)護應重視管網(wang)(wang)建(jian)設(she)與(yu)運(yun)行(xing)管理(li)，保證設(she)施(shi)運(yun)行(xing)的進水(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)量(liang)。農村(cun)(cun)污水(shui)(shui)處理(li)設(she)施(shi)運(yun)行(xing)維(wei)(wei)護包括收集管網(wang)(wang)及處理(li)設(she)施(shi)的維(wei)(wei)護管理(li)，由于缺(que)乏建(jian)設(she)與(yu)運(yun)行(xing)管理(li)標準，管網(wang)(wang)建(jian)設(she)落后并且建(jian)成管網(wang)(wang)收集率(lv)不高(gao)，雨污混流現象突出。

目前，小城鎮污(wu)水(shui)(shui)處(chu)理設施(shi)(shi)的(de)平均負(fu)荷率約(yue)為60%，有近(jin)一半的(de)省份鎮污(wu)水(shui)(shui)處(chu)理率低于35%，導(dao)致污(wu)水(shui)(shui)處(chu)理廠(chang)長期“吃不飽”，成(cheng)為了“曬(shai)太(tai)陽”工(gong)程。使得一部分設施(shi)(shi)建成(cheng)后無(wu)正常進水(shui)(shui)，無(wu)法按設計要(yao)求正常運行(xing)(xing)。同時(shi)，很多(duo)村(cun)鎮污(wu)水(shui)(shui)處(chu)理管網采用(yong)城市標準建設，在水(shui)(shui)量小、波動大的(de)條(tiao)件下成(cheng)為“沉淀池”堵塞管網。有必要(yao)制定農村(cun)污(wu)水(shui)(shui)收(shou)集系(xi)統(tong)的(de)設計、施(shi)(shi)工(gong)及運行(xing)(xing)管理規(gui)程，以(yi)保證設施(shi)(shi)的(de)正常運行(xing)(xing)。

對于(yu)村莊(zhuang)污水(shui)處理，特別是小型的(de)(de)污水(shui)處理裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置現(xian)(xian)有標準(zhun)缺乏對長(chang)期穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)運行(xing)的(de)(de)統(tong)一安全定(ding)(ding)義、技(ji)術(shu)要求及(ji)(ji)設(she)計(ji)標準(zhun)。現(xian)(xian)有CJ/T 355-2010，CJ/T 441-2013中(zhong)(zhong)對產品(pin)的(de)(de)結構、電氣、控制(zhi)儀表、安全、外(wai)觀、規格等(deng)項(xiang)目進(jin)(jin)行(xing)了簡單規定(ding)(ding)，設(she)備安裝(zhuang)(zhuang)驗收時對較短期限(xian)的(de)(de)進(jin)(jin)出水(shui)質進(jin)(jin)行(xing)測(ce)定(ding)(ding)，造成廠家在設(she)備生產及(ji)(ji)設(she)施(shi)安裝(zhuang)(zhuang)過程中(zhong)(zhong)，對于(yu)材料的(de)(de)采用(yong)及(ji)(ji)設(she)備用(yong)量上更(geng)多(duo)地強調(diao)設(she)施(shi)建設(she)投入(ru)資金(jin)，缺乏對后續運行(xing)管理中(zhong)(zhong)風險問題(ti)的(de)(de)考慮(lv)。因此市場內(nei)的(de)(de)設(she)備普(pu)遍存在產品(pin)設(she)計(ji)規范性(xing)低(di)，農(nong)村污水(shui)處理設(she)施(shi)運行(xing)及(ji)(ji)管理中(zhong)(zhong)廣泛(fan)存在低(di)穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)性(xing)和難持續性(xing)等(deng)問題(ti)。研(yan)究確(que)定(ding)(ding)適合(he)我國村莊(zhuang)污水(shui)小型設(she)備穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)運行(xing)材質、性(xing)能評(ping)估(gu)的(de)(de)標準(zhun)方法(fa)，不僅(jin)可(ke)為當前(qian)各項(xiang)繁雜技(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)比(bi)對提供統(tong)一客觀依據，更(geng)重要的(de)(de)是為農(nong)村設(she)施(shi)的(de)(de)長(chang)效穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)運行(xing)提供有力的(de)(de)專業保障。

我國目前從事村(cun)鎮污(wu)(wu)水(shui)處理(li)(li)(li)的(de)企業(ye)達數千(qian)家，但(dan)非專業(ye)化企業(ye)較(jiao)多;治理(li)(li)(li)技術(shu)類型很(hen)多，但(dan)真正具有(you)經濟可行(xing)及長期穩定運(yun)行(xing)的(de)適用技術(shu)應用現狀不容樂觀。農(nong)村(cun)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)治理(li)(li)(li)存在重(zhong)建(jian)設、輕(qing)運(yun)行(xing)管理(li)(li)(li)的(de)普遍(bian)問題，沒(mei)有(you)取得應有(you)的(de)環(huan)境效益。黨的(de)十九(jiu)大報告指出，構建(jian)政(zheng)府為主(zhu)導、企業(ye)為主(zhu)體(ti)、社會(hui)組織(zhi)和(he)公眾共同(tong)參與的(de)環(huan)境治理(li)(li)(li)體(ti)系(xi)(xi)。污(wu)(wu)水(shui)處理(li)(li)(li)設施企業(ye)化建(jian)設運(yun)行(xing)可以保證設施良好運(yun)行(xing)的(de)關鍵，是主(zhu)導發(fa)展方向。因此(ci),農(nong)村(cun)生活(huo)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)治理(li)(li)(li)標準化體(ti)系(xi)(xi)應涵蓋(gai)了(le)從治理(li)(li)(li)設施設計、建(jian)設、驗收、運(yun)行(xing)維護和(he)達標排放及產品設備(bei)的(de)各個環(huan)節。

2農村生活污水(shui)處理技術標準體系構建的思考

2015年(nian)國務(wu)院印發(fa)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)污(wu)(wu)染防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)動計劃(hua)(hua)，要求(qiu)加快農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)環境(jing)綜(zong)合(he)整治(zhi)(zhi)，以(yi)縣級行(xing)政區(qu)(qu)域為單元(yuan)，實行(xing)農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)統(tong)(tong)(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)、統(tong)(tong)(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)建設(she)、統(tong)(tong)(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)管理(li)(li)(li)(li)，有條件(jian)的地區(qu)(qu)積極推(tui)(tui)進城鎮污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)設(she)施和服務(wu)向農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)延伸(shen)。2016年(nian)國務(wu)院印發(fa)了(le)土壤污(wu)(wu)染防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)動計劃(hua)(hua)，要求(qiu)實施農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)工程(cheng)。2010年(nian)，住建部(bu)在(zai)江蘇省(sheng)常熟(shu)市(shi)開(kai)展(zhan)縣(市(shi))域村(cun)(cun)(cun)鎮污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)示范(fan)(fan)，探索出“統(tong)(tong)(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)、統(tong)(tong)(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)建設(she)、統(tong)(tong)(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)運行(xing)、統(tong)(tong)(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)管理(li)(li)(li)(li)”城鄉(xiang)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)統(tong)(tong)(tong)籌治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)模式，并在(zai)全國選(xuan)擇了(le)100個縣(市(shi)、區(qu)(qu))開(kai)展(zhan)農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)示范(fan)(fan)。農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)宜(yi)(yi)以(yi)縣域為整體“統(tong)(tong)(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)、統(tong)(tong)(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)建設(she)、統(tong)(tong)(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)運行(xing)、統(tong)(tong)(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)管理(li)(li)(li)(li)”城鄉(xiang)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)設(she)施，組(zu)織編制縣域農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)，因(yin)地制宜(yi)(yi)選(xuan)擇適(shi)宜(yi)(yi)技術和確定處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)標(biao)準(zhun)，推(tui)(tui)行(xing)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)設(she)施建設(she)運行(xing)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)體化(hua)(hua)，強(qiang)化(hua)(hua)設(she)施運行(xing)維護保障。農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)應統(tong)(tong)(tong)籌考慮污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的收集(ji)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)及處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)設(she)施,合(he)理(li)(li)(li)(li)確定集(ji)中處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)規(gui)(gui)模。加強(qiang)規(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)化(hua)(hua)建設(she)，完善工程(cheng)的設(she)計、施工、評價、驗收的統(tong)(tong)(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)技術標(biao)準(zhun)規(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)。

2.1規劃

以城鄉區(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)統(tong)籌為原(yuan)則(ze)確定(ding)以縣(市(shi)、區(qu)(qu)(qu))為單位推進(jin)農村(cun)(cun)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)污水(shui)治(zhi)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)劃(hua)編制標(biao)準化中，應注重環境(jing)敏感區(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)和規(gui)模較大村(cun)(cun)莊(zhuang)優先，突出鎮村(cun)(cun)布局規(gui)劃(hua)確定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)劃(hua)發展(zhan)村(cun)(cun)莊(zhuang)和撤并鄉鎮集鎮區(qu)(qu)(qu)所在地村(cun)(cun)莊(zhuang)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)污水(shui)治(zhi)理(li)，指導(dao)區(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)農村(cun)(cun)污水(shui)治(zhi)理(li)。規(gui)劃(hua)文(wen)本應包括規(gui)劃(hua)背景(jing)、農村(cun)(cun)水(shui)環境(jing)及(ji)(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)污水(shui)治(zhi)理(li)現狀(zhuang)、總(zong)體思路和工作目標(biao)、規(gui)劃(hua)方案、建設計劃(hua)、投資估算與(yu)(yu)效益分析(xi)、保(bao)障措施等內容。特別是貫徹低碳(tan)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)理(li)念，結合農田灌(guan)溉回用(yong)、生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)修(xiu)復保(bao)護和環境(jing)景(jing)觀建設，注重水(shui)資源和氮磷資源的(de)(de)(de)循(xun)環利用(yong)。有條件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)地區(qu)(qu)(qu)應將(jiang)村(cun)(cun)莊(zhuang)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)污水(shui)治(zhi)理(li)與(yu)(yu)村(cun)(cun)莊(zhuang)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)文(wen)明(ming)建設、生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)農業發展(zhan)緊密(mi)銜接。協(xie)調城鄉發展(zhan)，科(ke)學制定(ding)村(cun)(cun)鎮污水(shui)處理(li)發展(zhan)規(gui)劃(hua)，結合現狀(zhuang)特征及(ji)(ji)未(wei)來變化趨勢，科(ke)學編制污水(shui)整治(zhi)規(gui)劃(hua)及(ji)(ji)實施方案。

2.2不同排水去向(xiang)的(de)排放標準

從完善農村(cun)生(sheng)(sheng)活污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)治理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)和(he)(he)監管(guan)體(ti)(ti)系(xi)出發(fa)，十分有必要出臺(tai)專門針對農村(cun)污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)放標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)，為(wei)農村(cun)生(sheng)(sheng)活污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)放監管(guan)提(ti)供技術(shu)支撐，為(wei)大量(liang)建設(she)的農村(cun)生(sheng)(sheng)活污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)治理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)設(she)施(shi)運(yun)行(xing)效果(guo)提(ti)供統一的評判標(biao)(biao)尺。由于農村(cun)點(dian)多面廣(guang)、情況復(fu)雜，出臺(tai)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)放標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)需要大量(liang)調研和(he)(he)專項研究，在實踐中(zhong)總結經驗(yan)、確(que)定(ding)成熟(shu)技術(shu)，再(zai)行(xing)制定(ding)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)。處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)后以資(zi)源(yuan)化(hua)利(li)用(yong)(yong)和(he)(he)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)放兩(liang)種方(fang)式為(wei)主，應優先(xian)考(kao)慮(lv)資(zi)源(yuan)化(hua)利(li)用(yong)(yong)。處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)需排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)入自(zi)然水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)(ti)時，需根據(ju)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)(ti)功(gong)能區(qu)劃(hua)確(que)定(ding)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)放標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)，且宜經過濕(shi)地(di)(di)、土地(di)(di)、溝渠、水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)塘等(deng)方(fang)式進一步處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)達標(biao)(biao)后排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)入受(shou)納水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)(ti)。農村(cun)污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)應確(que)定(ding)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)分級管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)、污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)設(she)施(shi)建設(she)技術(shu)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)分區(qu)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的方(fang)針，根據(ju)區(qu)域(yu)(yu)特(te)征及排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)去向(xiang)，綜合(he)(he)考(kao)慮(lv)經濟發(fa)展與(yu)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)保(bao)護(hu)、污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)放與(yu)利(li)用(yong)(yong)等(deng)關系(xi)，因(yin)地(di)(di)制宜地(di)(di)制定(ding)和(he)(he)實施(shi)相(xiang)(xiang)關的建設(she)和(he)(he)運(yun)行(xing)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)。污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)選(xuan)擇和(he)(he)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)程度直接影(ying)響到(dao)工(gong)(gong)程投資(zi)和(he)(he)運(yun)行(xing)維護(hu)費(fei)用(yong)(yong)，處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)以分級分類為(wei)原則(ze)，根據(ju)區(qu)域(yu)(yu)特(te)征及排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)去向(xiang)，綜合(he)(he)考(kao)慮(lv)經濟水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)平、地(di)(di)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)、水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)特(te)點(dian)、區(qu)域(yu)(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)保(bao)護(hu)要求、排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)放標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)、資(zi)源(yuan)化(hua)利(li)用(yong)(yong)、運(yun)行(xing)維護(hu)等(deng)因(yin)素，因(yin)地(di)(di)制宜地(di)(di)選(xuan)擇適宜的處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)模式、處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)及運(yun)行(xing)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)方(fang)式。同時應充分利(li)用(yong)(yong)現有條件和(he)(he)設(she)施(shi)。根據(ju)農村(cun)所處(chu)(chu)(chu)區(qu)位、住戶(hu)集聚程度、環(huan)境(jing)(jing)條件、地(di)(di)形地(di)(di)質特(te)點(dian)以及污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)放要求，因(yin)地(di)(di)制宜地(di)(di)選(xuan)擇集中(zhong)或分散處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)及相(xiang)(xiang)應的處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)技術(shu)。解決直接套用(yong)(yong)城市(shi)及行(xing)業污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)技術(shu)、設(she)計(ji)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)與(yu)運(yun)行(xing)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)脫節的問題。

2.3處(chu)理技術標準

以縣域范圍(wei)綜合(he)(he)(he)整(zheng)治為主，處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)模式(shi)可(ke)(ke)分(fen)為就近納管處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)、村(cun)集中(zhong)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)和(he)分(fen)戶(hu)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)3種(zhong)模式(shi)。技術及工藝組合(he)(he)(he)上(shang)根(gen)據(ju)我國(guo)華(hua)(hua)北、東北、西(xi)北、東南、西(xi)南、華(hua)(hua)東等6個區(qu)域經濟發展與(yu)(yu)(yu)地理(li)(li)(li)(li)氣候特征(zheng)考慮以下幾種(zhong)模式(shi)：一(yi)是在國(guo)家規定的重點(dian)流域(如三湖等)，向(xiang)河(he)流、湖泊等地表(biao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)直接(jie)排放的村(cun)鎮污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)，必須執(zhi)行(xing)國(guo)家或當(dang)地的標(biao)準;二(er)是村(cun)容(rong)整(zheng)治需要，根(gen)據(ju)不同(tong)的排水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)去向(xiang)提出(chu)可(ke)(ke)選(xuan)工藝;三是綜合(he)(he)(he)考慮村(cun)鎮污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的綜合(he)(he)(he)利用(yong)(yong)，提出(chu)與(yu)(yu)(yu)城(cheng)市(shi)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)回用(yong)(yong)不同(tong)的處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)工藝。嚴(yan)重缺(que)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)地區(qu)，污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)應(ying)與(yu)(yu)(yu)資源化利用(yong)(yong)結合(he)(he)(he)。同(tong)時(shi)，應(ying)避(bi)免污(wu)(wu)染地下水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)和(he)地表(biao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui);寒冷地區(qu)應(ying)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)適當(dang)的保(bao)溫(wen)措施，保(bao)障(zhang)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)設施在冬季(ji)正常運行(xing);在重點(dian)流域應(ying)采(cai)取適當(dang)的污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)攔截技術減少入河(he)污(wu)(wu)染物(wu)總量。

針對配套管網建設滯后，雨污管道混(hun)接、污水處理設施運(yun)行負荷率(lv)低，區域分布不均衡、重建設輕(qing)運(yun)營等突出問題(ti)，應在(zai)廣泛調研(yan)國(guo)內外經驗及示范的(de)基礎上，提出適合我(wo)國(guo)農(nong)村(cun)地區的(de)農(nong)村(cun)污水收集系(xi)統建設標準(zhun)、要求(qiu)和方法(fa)。

2.4運行維護標準

推(tui)進(jin)農(nong)村(cun)生活污(wu)(wu)水污(wu)(wu)水處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)設施運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)管(guan)理(li)(li)標準(zhun)化(hua)是(shi)健全污(wu)(wu)水處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)設施長效運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)機(ji)制的重要(yao)內容(rong)(rong)，包括適合村(cun)鎮(zhen)污(wu)(wu)水處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)管(guan)理(li)(li)技(ji)術和模(mo)式，新(xin)技(ji)術新(xin)設施需經性能評價、運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)管(guan)理(li)(li)評價等內容(rong)(rong)。促(cu)進(jin)專業企業技(ji)術創新(xin)，以(yi)保證農(nong)村(cun)污(wu)(wu)水處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)事業的順利發展。

2.5農村(cun)污(wu)水處理(li)技術(shu)標準化體(ti)(ti)系(xi)

綜上(shang)所述，農(nong)(nong)村污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)治(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)與(yu)城市(shi)模式有較大(da)差異，應該(gai)盡快推進農(nong)(nong)村生活污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處理(li)(li)(li)標準化體(ti)(ti)系建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)，建(jian)(jian)立涵(han)蓋從(cong)規劃(hua)到(dao)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)、運行、監管全過程的(de)(de)技(ji)術標準化體(ti)(ti)系(見圖4)，確立完(wan)整的(de)(de)具(ju)有我(wo)國不同地域(yu)特(te)征(zheng)的(de)(de)村莊污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)治(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)與(yu)管理(li)(li)(li)模式體(ti)(ti)系。通(tong)過標準化規劃(hua)方法提(ti)升農(nong)(nong)村污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)治(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)工作的(de)(de)整體(ti)(ti)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)平，完(wan)善農(nong)(nong)村人(ren)居環境(jing)改善的(de)(de)相關法律(lv)法規。從(cong)排(pai)放水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質、設(she)(she)計建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)、運行維護和監管評估(gu)等環節借鑒(jian)國內外的(de)(de)成功經(jing)驗，在(zai)深(shen)入調(diao)查研究(jiu)的(de)(de)基礎上(shang)，根據(ju)村莊污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)特(te)征(zheng)及排(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)去向，制定科學合(he)理(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)村污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處理(li)(li)(li)目標。按照分類管理(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)原則(ze)，制定適(shi)合(he)我(wo)國不同區域(yu)村鎮(zhen)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)治(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)工程建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)及管理(li)(li)(li)標準。健全村鎮(zhen)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)治(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)法規與(yu)標準體(ti)(ti)系。

3結(jie)語

目前農(nong)村(cun)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)治理(li)產(chan)業(ye)已發展(zhan)(zhan)到(dao)迫(po)切需要(yao)培育面向(xiang)村(cun)鎮(zhen)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)治理(li)的產(chan)業(ye)力量(liang)的階(jie)段，應科學規(gui)劃與(yu)高效組織，引導行業(ye)的規(gui)模化(hua)、產(chan)業(ye)化(hua)與(yu)標準化(hua)發展(zhan)(zhan)。在完(wan)善相關標準體系(xi)的基(ji)礎(chu)上(shang)，逐(zhu)步(bu)建(jian)立有效的評估與(yu)監督機制對于形成新(xin)型的適合農(nong)村(cun)的污(wu)(wu)水(shui)處(chu)理(li)與(yu)管(guan)理(li)模式(shi)，為(wei)農(nong)村(cun)設施的長(chang)效穩定運行提供有力的專業(ye)保障。使村(cun)鎮(zhen)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)處(chu)理(li)技術與(yu)產(chan)業(ye)新(xin)市場村(cun)鎮(zhen)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)治理(li)逐(zhu)漸(jian)規(gui)范化(hua)發展(zhan)(zhan)。

轉自：給水排水