應對城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)內澇、水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)源短(duan)缺、面(mian)源污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)等水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)環境問題是城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen)化(hua)(hua)建設的(de)(de)共性(xing)(xing)難點(dian)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)路材料一般以(yi)(yi)混凝土為主(zhu)，透(tou)(tou)(tou)氣(qi)性(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)滲(shen)透(tou)(tou)(tou)性(xing)(xing)較差，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)土地(di)(di)硬化(hua)(hua)程度(du)加(jia)大，地(di)(di)面(mian)降(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)和(he)(he)排(pai)(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)無(wu)法(fa)及(ji)時滲(shen)透(tou)(tou)(tou)地(di)(di)下，導(dao)(dao)(dao)致(zhi)我國一些城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)在雨(yu)季出現(xian)嚴(yan)重(zhong)內澇，特別是近年(nian)南方降(jiang)(jiang)雨(yu)集中的(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)遭遇強降(jiang)(jiang)雨(yu)天氣(qi)更為頻繁(fan)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)空間(jian)被(bei)建設用地(di)(di)擠占(zhan)的(de)(de)現(xian)象(xiang)明顯，河道(dao)(dao)(dao)枯竭、河網(wang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)系(xi)(xi)減(jian)少等明顯降(jiang)(jiang)低(di)了城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)調節能(neng)(neng)力(li)，應對外力(li)沖(chong)(chong)擊或極端氣(qi)候(hou)條件的(de)(de)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)下降(jiang)(jiang)，導(dao)(dao)(dao)致(zhi)河道(dao)(dao)(dao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)位(wei)上升、過流能(neng)(neng)力(li)衰退(tui)明顯，增加(jia)了城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)內澇風險。自然生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)緩沖(chong)(chong)區(qu)(qu)受到擠壓致(zhi)使生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)逐漸退(tui)化(hua)(hua)喪失。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)排(pai)(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)系(xi)(xi)統缺乏足夠的(de)(de)運行維(wei)護，導(dao)(dao)(dao)致(zhi)存在不(bu)(bu)同程度(du)的(de)(de)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)性(xing)(xing)或結構(gou)性(xing)(xing)缺陷。雨(yu)污(wu)(wu)(wu)管(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)設計過流能(neng)(neng)力(li)因不(bu)(bu)斷累(lei)積污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)物而(er)降(jiang)(jiang)低(di)，汛期(qi)暴雨(yu)沖(chong)(chong)刷排(pai)(pai)(pai)出大量高濃(nong)度(du)污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)物，造成流域(yu)(yu)返(fan)黑返(fan)臭現(xian)象(xiang)。埋(mai)深較淺的(de)(de)地(di)(di)下水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)經由破損(sun)管(guan)網(wang)或脫(tuo)落的(de)(de)接(jie)口等進(jin)(jin)入，降(jiang)(jiang)低(di)了進(jin)(jin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)BOD5、COD濃(nong)度(du)以(yi)(yi)及(ji)污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)廠處(chu)理(li)效率(lv)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)排(pai)(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)系(xi)(xi)統運行年(nian)限長、管(guan)理(li)不(bu)(bu)到位(wei)、缺乏有效的(de)(de)維(wei)護等，進(jin)(jin)一步改變了管(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)截(jie)流倍數、面(mian)源控制率(lv)等參(can)數。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen)區(qu)(qu)域(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)降(jiang)(jiang)雨(yu)需(xu)通(tong)過排(pai)(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)系(xi)(xi)統排(pai)(pai)(pai)出，若(ruo)市(shi)政(zheng)排(pai)(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)系(xi)(xi)統排(pai)(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)峰值(zhi)設計無(wu)法(fa)滿足需(xu)求，會導(dao)(dao)(dao)致(zhi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)內澇災害加(jia)重(zhong)。

我(wo)國(guo)從2015年開始(shi)推(tui)進海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)綿(mian)(mian)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)，住建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)部印發(fa)(fa)(fa)《海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)綿(mian)(mian)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)績效(xiao)(xiao)評價(jia)(jia)與(yu)考核辦(ban)(ban)法（試行）》的(de)(de)(de)通知提(ti)(ti)出海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)綿(mian)(mian)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)“是實現修(xiu)(xiu)復(fu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)生態(tai)(tai)、改善(shan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)環境(jing)、提(ti)(ti)高城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)安(an)全等多(duo)(duo)重(zhong)目(mu)標的(de)(de)(de)有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)手段”，并從水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)生態(tai)(tai)、水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)環 境(jing)、水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資源、水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)安(an)全、制度(du)(du)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)及(ji)執行情況、顯示度(du)(du)六(liu)個方(fang)(fang)面確定(ding)指標以(yi)評價(jia)(jia)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)綿(mian)(mian)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)成效(xiao)(xiao)。國(guo)務(wu)院發(fa)(fa)(fa)布《關(guan)于推(tui)進海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)綿(mian)(mian)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)的(de)(de)(de)指導(dao)意(yi)見》（國(guo)辦(ban)(ban)發(fa)(fa)(fa)〔2015〕75號(hao)(hao)(hao)）強調要(yao)“加快推(tui)進海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)綿(mian)(mian)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)，修(xiu)(xiu)復(fu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)生態(tai)(tai)、涵(han)(han)養(yang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資源，增強城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)防(fang)澇能力，擴大公共產品有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)投資，提(ti)(ti)高新(xin)型城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen)化質量，促進人與(yu)自(zi)然和(he)(he)諧發(fa)(fa)(fa)展”。2018年住建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)部發(fa)(fa)(fa)布《海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)綿(mian)(mian)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)評價(jia)(jia)標準》明(ming)確指出海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)綿(mian)(mian)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)“有(you)利于達到修(xiu)(xiu)復(fu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)生態(tai)(tai)、涵(han)(han)養(yang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資源、改善(shan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)環境(jing)、保障城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)安(an)全、復(fu)興(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)文(wen)化的(de)(de)(de)多(duo)(duo)重(zhong)目(mu)標”。《深入(ru)打(da)好城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)黑臭水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)治理攻堅(jian)戰實施(shi)方(fang)(fang)案》（建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)〔2022〕29號(hao)(hao)(hao)），提(ti)(ti)出要(yao)加大對城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)管網排(pai)查檢測等支持力度(du)(du)。《關(guan)于進一步明(ming)確海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)綿(mian)(mian)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)工(gong)作有(you)關(guan)要(yao)求的(de)(de)(de)通知》（建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)辦(ban)(ban)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)〔2022〕17號(hao)(hao)(hao)），強調系統(tong)性(xing)長效(xiao)(xiao)推(tui)進海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)綿(mian)(mian)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)。《關(guan)于推(tui)進污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處理減(jian)污(wu)降碳(tan)協(xie)同增效(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)實施(shi)意(yi)見》（發(fa)(fa)(fa)改環資〔2023〕1714號(hao)(hao)(hao)）提(ti)(ti)及(ji)“加強源頭(tou)節(jie)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)減(jian)排(pai)”，加快海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)綿(mian)(mian)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)，提(ti)(ti)升城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)蓄(xu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、滲水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)和(he)(he)涵(han)(han)養(yang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)能力，削減(jian)雨水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)徑(jing)流污(wu)染。國(guo)家(jia)層面海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)綿(mian)(mian)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)目(mu)標有(you)修(xiu)(xiu)復(fu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)生態(tai)(tai)、改善(shan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)環境(jing)、涵(han)(han)養(yang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資源以(yi)及(ji)保障水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)安(an)全四個方(fang)(fang)面。各地扎實推(tui)進海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)綿(mian)(mian)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)，有(you)的(de)(de)(de)省市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)編制海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)綿(mian)(mian)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)技術導(dao)則和(he)(he)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)綿(mian)(mian)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)十四五專項(xiang)規劃(hua)。

海綿城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市借助(zhu)滲、蓄、凈等綜(zong)合技術手段，統(tong)(tong)籌考慮城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資源(yuan)(yuan)利(li)(li)用和(he)(he)排(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)防澇(lao)，構建(jian)(jian)(jian)完(wan)善的(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資源(yuan)(yuan)管理(li)和(he)(he)優(you)化(hua)(hua)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)功能(neng)，使得城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市的(de)內澇(lao)和(he)(he)旱澇(lao)問(wen)題(ti)(ti)能(neng)夠通過(guo)(guo)推(tui)進(jin)(jin)海綿城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)得到控制。系(xi)統(tong)(tong)化(hua)(hua)推(tui)進(jin)(jin)海綿城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)，首先應合理(li)科學規(gui)劃(hua)排(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)。排(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)是(shi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)中(zhong)的(de)重要基(ji)礎設(she)(she)施，既要滿足當前(qian)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)和(he)(he)發展的(de)需(xu)求，還要合理(li)預留(liu)未來城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市發展規(gui)模的(de)需(xu)求。市政排(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)的(de)過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)，應有效減少降(jiang)雨(yu)量大造成(cheng)的(de)雨(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)聚集，應對(dui)暴(bao)雨(yu)短時(shi)沖擊，避免對(dui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市交通以及行(xing)人通行(xing)造成(cheng)阻礙；同時(shi)也有利(li)(li)于收集雨(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)，為(wei)綠化(hua)(hua)植物(wu)的(de)生長提(ti)供充足水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)源(yuan)(yuan)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市基(ji)礎設(she)(she)施系(xi)統(tong)(tong)不僅能(neng)夠吸水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)排(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)，對(dui)雨(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)徑(jing)流(liu)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)直排(pai)(pai)快排(pai)(pai)處理(li)和(he)(he)末(mo)端(duan)集中(zhong)控制，還應能(neng)夠有效儲存和(he)(he)利(li)(li)用雨(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)，對(dui)雨(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資源(yuan)(yuan)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)充分開發，提(ti)高城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市自然蓄水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)功能(neng)，對(dui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資源(yuan)(yuan)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)合理(li)利(li)(li)用。通過(guo)(guo)海綿城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)把雨(yu)季(ji)過(guo)(guo)剩的(de)雨(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)合理(li)儲存并(bing)在旱季(ji)使用，可緩解(jie)生態(tai)缺水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)問(wen)題(ti)(ti)，優(you)化(hua)(hua)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市環(huan)境提(ti)升(sheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市功能(neng)。

為(wei)改(gai)善城市(shi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)環(huan)境，優化(hua)(hua)(hua)排水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)功能(neng)，提(ti)高水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)利(li)用(yong)率，按照(zhao)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)規劃(hua)、源(yuan)(yuan)頭減排、過(guo)程控(kong)(kong)制、末端(duan)治(zhi)理的(de)(de)(de)原則，改(gai)善措施(shi)(shi)有(you)幾(ji)個方(fang)向(xiang)：一(yi)是全(quan)(quan)面(mian)(mian)加強(qiang)綠化(hua)(hua)(hua)地帶(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)設(she)計建(jian)設(she)。利(li)用(yong)綠化(hua)(hua)(hua)帶(dai)(dai)與路面(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)高度(du)差(cha)，及時收(shou)集(ji)、凈化(hua)(hua)(hua)、蓄積(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)雨(yu)(yu)(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)，促進(jin)排水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。綠化(hua)(hua)(hua)帶(dai)(dai)土(tu)層(ceng)鋪設(she)可將(jiang)細(xi)土(tu)和砂(sha)石分(fen)別鋪于上中兩(liang)層(ceng)，底(di)(di)部安裝(zhuang)滲(shen)透裝(zhuang)置，使(shi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)分(fen)回滲(shen)到地下。栽培(pei)綠色植物、鋪設(she)下沉綠地、建(jian)設(she)景觀工程等(deng)(deng)提(ti)高雨(yu)(yu)(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)滲(shen)透性。保障城鎮(zhen)流(liu)(liu)(liu)域(yu)空間以及水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)系(xi)(xi)(xi)兩(liang)側生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)緩沖區(qu)(qu)，修(xiu)建(jian)濕地公(gong)園和河道濕地，恢復流(liu)(liu)(liu)域(yu)自然調蓄生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)功能(neng)，維(wei)持河道系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)平(ping)衡。二是結(jie)(jie)合(he)積(ji)(ji)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)排水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)風險評估(gu)結(jie)(jie)果(guo)，根據城市(shi)的(de)(de)(de)地形(xing)、水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)文情況，以及行(xing)政區(qu)(qu)域(yu)劃(hua)分(fen)等(deng)(deng)為(wei)標準進(jin)行(xing)分(fen)區(qu)(qu)排水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。在地形(xing)落差(cha)較大的(de)(de)(de)區(qu)(qu)域(yu)，建(jian)設(she)排水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)緩沖連接(jie)帶(dai)(dai)，緩沖雨(yu)(yu)(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)瞬(shun)時徑流(liu)(liu)(liu)過(guo)大導(dao)致(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)短期排水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)壓力。海(hai)綿(mian)城市(shi)的(de)(de)(de)排水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)設(she)計，需要(yao)以傳統(tong)(tong)(tong)排水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)為(wei)基(ji)礎(chu)進(jin)行(xing)改(gai)造(zao)，進(jin)一(yi)步(bu)優化(hua)(hua)(hua)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)分(fen)配。截至2022年底(di)(di)，全(quan)(quan)國城市(shi)污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)網長度(du)達50.6萬公(gong)里。隨(sui)著(zhu)(zhu)城鎮(zhen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)快(kuai)速(su)推進(jin)，排水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)設(she)施(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)設(she)相對(dui)(dui)滯后，一(yi)般城鎮(zhen)原有(you)布設(she)排水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)道能(neng)力普遍不足、設(she)計面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)較小(xiao)，出現強(qiang)降水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)天氣(qi)會產生(sheng)(sheng)顯著(zhu)(zhu)積(ji)(ji)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)和洪(hong)(hong)澇等(deng)(deng)風險，應(ying)適當增加雨(yu)(yu)(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)泄洪(hong)(hong)通(tong)道，利(li)用(yong)現有(you)排水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)渠和泵(beng)站等(deng)(deng)排水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)設(she)施(shi)(shi)，增加雨(yu)(yu)(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)網直徑等(deng)(deng)，最大限(xian)度(du)將(jiang)城市(shi)雨(yu)(yu)(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)匯集(ji)入城市(shi)雨(yu)(yu)(yu)污(wu)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)。應(ying)結(jie)(jie)合(he)道路周圍環(huan)境、區(qu)(qu)域(yu)氣(qi)候條件等(deng)(deng)，通(tong)過(guo)建(jian)設(she)分(fen)散型小(xiao)規模(mo)的(de)(de)(de)源(yuan)(yuan)頭控(kong)(kong)制設(she)施(shi)(shi)，做好(hao)雨(yu)(yu)(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)收(shou)集(ji)、存(cun)儲及排放，實現對(dui)(dui)于暴雨(yu)(yu)(yu)徑流(liu)(liu)(liu)和污(wu)染的(de)(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)制。加快(kuai)形(xing)成排水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)運維(wei)與快(kuai)速(su)響(xiang)應(ying)機制。從規劃(hua)設(she)計、管(guan)道清淤、功能(neng)修(xiu)復、監(jian)測評估(gu)、施(shi)(shi)工管(guan)理等(deng)(deng)角度(du)，加強(qiang)關(guan)鍵排水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)設(she)施(shi)(shi)維(wei)護(hu)，制定分(fen)級分(fen)類維(wei)護(hu)計劃(hua)，預防性修(xiu)復與檢查排水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)設(she)施(shi)(shi)，充(chong)分(fen)發揮城鎮(zhen)排水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)和污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)廠(chang)的(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)。三是結(jie)(jie)合(he)河道整(zheng)治(zhi)、控(kong)(kong)源(yuan)(yuan)截污(wu)、活水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)循(xun)環(huan)、生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)構建(jian)等(deng)(deng)工程，構建(jian)以海(hai)綿(mian)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)為(wei)主的(de)(de)(de)源(yuan)(yuan)頭污(wu)染控(kong)(kong)制與雨(yu)(yu)(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)利(li)用(yong)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)，以廠(chang)網提(ti)質增效(xiao)為(wei)抓手的(de)(de)(de)污(wu)染過(guo)程削減與末端(duan)治(zhi)理系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)，利(li)用(yong)河湖濕地空間形(xing)成的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)修(xiu)復與凈化(hua)(hua)(hua)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)，形(xing)成流(liu)(liu)(liu)域(yu)區(qu)(qu)域(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)環(huan)境治(zhi)理體(ti)系(xi)(xi)(xi)和循(xun)環(huan)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)。

在(zai)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)金(jin)(jin)(jin)方面，中央和(he)地(di)(di)方加大(da)財政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)金(jin)(jin)(jin)統籌(chou)力度，多渠道落實(shi)海(hai)綿城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)設(she)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)金(jin)(jin)(jin)。《城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)管(guan)(guan)網及污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)處理補助資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)金(jin)(jin)(jin)管(guan)(guan)理辦法》（財建(jian)(jian)〔2019〕288號）明確，補助資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)金(jin)(jin)(jin)用于(yu)支(zhi)持海(hai)綿城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)設(she)試點、地(di)(di)下(xia)綜合管(guan)(guan)廊建(jian)(jian)設(she)試點、城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)黑(hei)臭水(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)治理示范、中西部(bu)(bu)地(di)(di)區城(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen)污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)處理提質增效(xiao)。2019～2023年，中央財政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)“城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)管(guan)(guan)網及污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)處理補助資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)金(jin)(jin)(jin)”下(xia)達補助資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)金(jin)(jin)(jin)累計約271億(yi)(yi)元。十四五期間，國家相關部(bu)(bu)門(men)開展(zhan)(zhan)了系統化(hua)全(quan)域推進海(hai)綿城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)設(she)示范工作(zuo)，累計投入600億(yi)(yi)元，推動建(jian)(jian)設(she)自(zi)然(ran)(ran)積存、自(zi)然(ran)(ran)滲透(tou)、自(zi)然(ran)(ran)凈化(hua)的(de)海(hai)綿城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)。住建(jian)(jian)部(bu)(bu)在(zai)全(quan)國90個城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)開展(zhan)(zhan)海(hai)綿城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)設(she)試點示范工作(zuo)基礎上，總結了各(ge)地(di)(di)在(zai)工作(zuo)組織、統籌(chou)規劃、全(quan)流程管(guan)(guan)控、資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)金(jin)(jin)(jin)保障、公眾參與等(deng)5個方面的(de)探索實(shi)踐，形(xing)成(cheng)《海(hai)綿城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)設(she)可復(fu)制(zhi)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)機制(zhi)清單》。2023年通過增發國債資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)金(jin)(jin)(jin)安排1400億(yi)(yi)元支(zhi)持全(quan)國重點城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)開展(zhan)(zhan)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)排水(shui)(shui)(shui)防澇(lao)(lao)能力提升工程，消除(chu)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)內澇(lao)(lao)隱患。從(cong)2024年起，中央財政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)支(zhi)持部(bu)(bu)分城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)實(shi)施城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)更(geng)(geng)新(xin)行動。中央財政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)補助資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)金(jin)(jin)(jin)重點支(zhi)持城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)下(xia)管(guan)(guan)網更(geng)(geng)新(xin)改造和(he)污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)(guan)網“廠網一體(ti)”建(jian)(jian)設(she)改造等(deng)。經財政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)部(bu)(bu)、住房城(cheng)(cheng)鄉建(jian)(jian)設(she)部(bu)(bu)評審，首批支(zhi)持石家莊(zhuang)、太原、沈陽、上海(hai)、南(nan)京、杭州、合肥、福(fu)州、南(nan)昌、青島、武漢、東莞、重慶、成(cheng)都(dou)、西安15個城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)。

海(hai)(hai)綿(mian)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)建設(she)(she)帶動了一批雨污水(shui)管網(wang)建設(she)(she)改造、城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)區易澇(lao)點整治、城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)河道流(liu)域生態綜合整治工(gong)程項目的(de)組(zu)織實施。結合海(hai)(hai)綿(mian)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)推進的(de)設(she)(she)計(ji)咨詢和工(gong)程建設(she)(she)，各地孵化(hua)出“海(hai)(hai)綿(mian)產業(ye)(ye)”。圍繞產業(ye)(ye)鏈集成了一批規劃(hua)、設(she)(she)計(ji)、投(tou)融資、施工(gong)、監(jian)理、開發、運(yun)營的(de)專業(ye)(ye)化(hua)服(fu)務公(gong)司，推動創新成果產業(ye)(ye)化(hua)應用和推廣，引導(dao)傳(chuan)統(tong)企業(ye)(ye)采用新技術、新產品、新工(gong)藝轉型生產海(hai)(hai)綿(mian)產品，提升海(hai)(hai)綿(mian)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)建設(she)(she)智能化(hua)水(shui)平。

近(jin)日發布的(de)《深入(ru)實施(shi)以人為本的(de)新型城鎮化戰略五年(nian)行動(dong)計(ji)劃(hua)》（國(guo)發〔2024〕17號），重點(dian)任(ren)務之一是加強城市(shi)洪澇治(zhi)理(li)。加快構建(jian)(jian)(jian)“源(yuan)頭減排、管(guan)(guan)網排放、蓄排并舉、超標(biao)應(ying)急”的(de)城市(shi)排水防(fang)澇工程體系(xi)，加強雨(yu)水管(guan)(guan)網和泵(beng)站(zhan)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設改(gai)造，開展排澇通道(dao)(dao)系(xi)統整治(zhi)，穩妥推進雨(yu)污分流(liu)改(gai)造和海(hai)綿城市(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設。總體來看，新城建(jian)(jian)(jian)設和老(lao)城改(gai)造需要水利、道(dao)(dao)路(lu)、綠化、城管(guan)(guan)、生態環境等(deng)(deng)相關管(guan)(guan)理(li)部(bu)門協調(diao)，設計(ji)施(shi)工需要建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑道(dao)(dao)路(lu)、園(yuan)林綠化、給排水等(deng)(deng)多(duo)專業協同，排水系(xi)統改(gai)造需大量資(zi)金(jin)支持保(bao)障，財政(zheng)、金(jin)融、環保(bao)、產業等(deng)(deng)配套(tao)系(xi)列政(zheng)策的(de)發布指日可待。

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