2018年全(quan)國(guo)環境(jing)保護(hu)工作會議提出，加快水(shui)(shui)污染(ran)防治(zhi)(zhi)，全(quan)面落實(shi)《水(shui)(shui)十條》重點(dian)任務，對(dui)水(shui)(shui)環境(jing)問題突出和《水(shui)(shui)十條》落實(shi)滯后地區開展專項督導。當(dang)前，我國(guo)水(shui)(shui)污染(ran)治(zhi)(zhi)理堅持精準治(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)、科學治(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)，但精細(xi)治(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)還(huan)未引起足夠(gou)重視。結合德國(guo)考察了解到的(de)經驗(yan)，得出三方面精細(xi)治(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)的(de)啟示。

啟示(shi)一，河流內源(yuan)治理要精工(gong)細作。目前，在黑(hei)臭河(he)治理(li)(li)(li)及消除劣V類(lei)水(shui)體等工作(zuo)中，有的(de)(de)(de)地方(fang)對(dui)于(yu)要(yao)整治的(de)(de)(de)河(he)道(dao)，無論清(qing)(qing)(qing)淤(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)還是截污(wu)控污(wu)，往(wang)往(wang)喜歡翻箱倒柜、做大手術，轟轟烈烈地把河(he)道(dao)翻個底(di)(di)兒朝天。如(ru)(ru)此做法，或許讓清(qing)(qing)(qing)淤(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)或截污(wu)更徹(che)底(di)(di)，但同樣也(ye)會(hui)嚴(yan)重破(po)壞河(he)道(dao)內(nei)原有的(de)(de)(de)或者(zhe)僅存的(de)(de)(de)動(dong)植(zhi)物水(shui)生態系(xi)(xi)統(tong)，導致(zhi)幾(ji)年(nian)甚至(zhi)幾(ji)十年(nian)都(dou)難(nan)以(yi)恢(hui)復。德國(guo)(guo)(guo)在河(he)道(dao)整治中始終遵循河(he)流(liu)自(zi)然(ran)規(gui)律，河(he)道(dao)治理(li)(li)(li)前往(wang)往(wang)先(xian)對(dui)河(he)流(liu)水(shui)生態系(xi)(xi)統(tong)進(jin)行充分調查后(hou)，才會(hui)對(dui)癥施策(ce)。比如(ru)(ru)河(he)道(dao)清(qing)(qing)(qing)淤(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)，雖然(ran)德國(guo)(guo)(guo)人力(li)成本很高，但他(ta)們依(yi)然(ran)盡量選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)人工清(qing)(qing)(qing)淤(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)，因(yin)為機械(xie)清(qing)(qing)(qing)淤(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)會(hui)碾壓損害河(he)岸生態。而且，清(qing)(qing)(qing)淤(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)時(shi)，他(ta)們通常拒絕徹(che)底(di)(di)挖走底(di)(di)泥，尤其是水(shui)生動(dong)植(zhi)物豐(feng)富的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)域。如(ru)(ru)果清(qing)(qing)(qing)淤(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)過于(yu)徹(che)底(di)(di)，無疑會(hui)把這些(xie)水(shui)生動(dong)植(zhi)物也(ye)清(qing)(qing)(qing)理(li)(li)(li)出(chu)去，以(yi)至(zhi)于(yu)等到河(he)道(dao)整治完成了，這條河(he)流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)自(zi)凈(jing)能(neng)力(li)也(ye)消失殆盡。因(yin)此，德國(guo)(guo)(guo)人選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)對(dui)半面河(he)道(dao)實施清(qing)(qing)(qing)淤(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)，過幾(ji)年(nian)等已清(qing)(qing)(qing)淤(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)河(he)床水(shui)生態系(xi)(xi)統(tong)恢(hui)復了，再(zai)對(dui)另一面河(he)道(dao)清(qing)(qing)(qing)淤(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)，如(ru)(ru)此一來，可(ke)確保(bao)河(he)流(liu)生態系(xi)(xi)統(tong)總(zong)體保(bao)持穩(wen)定。

啟示二，農業面源治理要(yao)精(jing)打細算。農(nong)業(ye)面源污(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)是我國(guo)(guo)地(di)表徑流的(de)主(zhu)要污(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)源之一，在德(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)也是如此，其農(nong)業(ye)面源污(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)貢(gong)獻率占比超過六成。加(jia)強農(nong)業(ye)面源污(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)治理，我國(guo)(guo)采取了限制(zhi)和壓(ya)縮化肥、農(nong)藥使用量(liang)，實(shi)施(shi)(shi)土(tu)地(di)耕作輪休等做法(fa)，但在具體(ti)實(shi)施(shi)(shi)過程中不具體(ti)、實(shi)際操作性缺(que)乏(fa)等問(wen)題依然較為(wei)突出。在德(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)，除了這些方法(fa)外，還實(shi)施(shi)(shi)了更多更具體(ti)細致且(qie)切實(shi)可行的(de)治污(wu)措施(shi)(shi)。比如，為(wei)防治河流近岸(an)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)，德(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)規定，沿岸(an)5米范圍內或者斜度超過20度岸(an)坡不

得(de)作為(wei)(wei)農(nong)(nong)(nong)田，冬季休耕期、雨天(tian)均(jun)不得(de)開展施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)作業，防止(zhi)(zhi)化(hua)(hua)肥(fei)尚未被農(nong)(nong)(nong)作物吸收(shou)就已流(liu)失到周邊河湖(hu)水體中。又(you)如，化(hua)(hua)肥(fei)和農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥管(guan)控到戶，為(wei)(wei)每家農(nong)(nong)(nong)戶量(liang)(liang)身定制施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)規劃，按照統一(yi)供給的(de)(de)方式配送一(yi)定數量(liang)(liang)和種類的(de)(de)化(hua)(hua)肥(fei)、農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥。德(de)(de)國鼓勵(li)農(nong)(nong)(nong)戶使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)綠色糞肥(fei)，但對(dui)糞肥(fei)的(de)(de)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)量(liang)(liang)、使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)區域(yu)和使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)時段也(ye)同樣做出了明確規定。再如，為(wei)(wei)防止(zhi)(zhi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)戶無序使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)肥(fei)料，農(nong)(nong)(nong)業管(guan)理部門每年對(dui)農(nong)(nong)(nong)戶土壤進(jin)行抽測，土壤超過營養化(hua)(hua)標(biao)準要(yao)求的(de)(de)，政府拒絕發放獎勵(li)金。鑒(jian)于此，筆者認為(wei)(wei)，農(nong)(nong)(nong)業面源污染(ran)是我國水環境(jing)治理主(zhu)要(yao)矛(mao)盾之一(yi)，因(yin)此，應把更多(duo)精力投(tou)入(ru)到農(nong)(nong)(nong)業面源管(guan)理中，借鑒(jian)德(de)(de)國有(you)關做法，研(yan)究和出臺(tai)更多(duo)更有(you)效(xiao)的(de)(de)防治措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)。

啟(qi)示三，污水管網管理要(yao)滴水不漏。當前，各(ge)地(di)都很重視環(huan)境基礎設(she)(she)施建(jian)設(she)(she)，污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)(guan)(guan)網(wang)(wang)(wang)公里數(shu)每(mei)(mei)年都在(zai)(zai)持續增加，但已(yi)(yi)建(jian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)網(wang)(wang)(wang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)缺失(shi)問題卻逐漸凸顯(xian)。據報道，某(mou)縣級市對(dui)中心城區污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)(guan)(guan)網(wang)(wang)(wang)普查，竟發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)萬(wan)余個混接(jie)漏接(jie)點，以至于(yu)城鎮(zhen)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)廠(chang)COD指標(biao)進水(shui)(shui)(shui)濃度僅在(zai)(zai)100毫克/升左右。由此(ci)(ci)(ci)可(ke)見，大量(liang)生(sheng)活污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)已(yi)(yi)流(liu)入(ru)外(wai)環(huan)境，而混入(ru)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)(guan)(guan)網(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)無疑是(shi)河水(shui)(shui)(shui)。德國對(dui)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)(guan)(guan)網(wang)(wang)(wang)建(jian)設(she)(she)的(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)體系(xi)相對(dui)成(cheng)熟，建(jian)設(she)(she)時(shi)，要求管(guan)(guan)(guan)網(wang)(wang)(wang)材質的(de)(de)使用(yong)壽命(ming)必須(xu)達到(dao)80年以上。在(zai)(zai)管(guan)(guan)(guan)網(wang)(wang)(wang)日常運行中，他們(men)堅(jian)持制度化維(wei)護管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)，每(mei)(mei)個污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)廠(chang)均(jun)配備若(ruo)干污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)(guan)(guan)網(wang)(wang)(wang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)員，管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)員每(mei)(mei)天巡查管(guan)(guan)(guan)網(wang)(wang)(wang)各(ge)節點，查看干管(guan)(guan)(guan)是(shi)否存(cun)在(zai)(zai)明顯(xian)異常。此(ci)(ci)(ci)外(wai)，他們(men)還要定期通(tong)過技術手段，對(dui)干管(guan)(guan)(guan)和支(zhi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)系(xi)統進行體檢，發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)跑冒滴漏現(xian)(xian)象立即采取措施，滴水(shui)(shui)(shui)不漏已(yi)(yi)是(shi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)網(wang)(wang)(wang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)員的(de)(de)職(zhi)責要求和工作標(biao)準(zhun)。對(dui)此(ci)(ci)(ci)，筆者認(ren)為(wei)，污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)(guan)(guan)網(wang)(wang)(wang)不能重建(jian)輕管(guan)(guan)(guan)，不僅要實現(xian)(xian)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)(guan)(guan)網(wang)(wang)(wang)建(jian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)統一(yi)，而且要將(jiang)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)廠(chang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)與(yu)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)(guan)(guan)網(wang)(wang)(wang)檢修(xiu)運維(wei)相統一(yi)，將(jiang)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)(guan)(guan)網(wang)(wang)(wang)納入(ru)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)廠(chang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)范疇。建(jian)議參照德國做法(fa)，出臺相關規(gui)定或技術規(gui)范，明確污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)廠(chang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)網(wang)(wang)(wang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)員配備數(shu)量(liang)、工作職(zhi)責、考(kao)核(he)內容等，切實把污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)(guan)(guan)網(wang)(wang)(wang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)起來，確保匯(hui)入(ru)管(guan)(guan)(guan)網(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)每(mei)(mei)滴污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)都能流(liu)入(ru)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)廠(chang)的(de)(de)初沉池。